Volume 2(3): November, 1996

FUEL AND ERGOGENIC AIDS

Special Associate Editor
Mark Kern, Ph.D., R.D.
Department of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences
San Diego State University

This third issue of Volume 2 of Coaching Science Abstracts reviews articles concerned with food and food supplements which are often considered to fuel exercise performance. Mostly, the substances considered are used with a view to enhance performance. Research on some of the less popular substances is far from complete. However, a relatively broad range of possible additives is presented while recognizing that deficiency.

Appended to the end of the compilation are references that evaluate the effects of nasal dilators. It is recognized that this entry is not of the same "class" as the remainder of the issue.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

GENERAL MECHANISMS

  1. DEFINITIONS

    Rushall notes, 1988.

  2. MUSCLE FIBER RECRUITMENT AND THE TRAINING RESPONSE

    Rushall notes, 1989.

  3. ATP AND CP STORES

    Rushall notes, 1990.

  4. OXYGEN-INDEPENDENT GLYCOLYSIS

    Rushall notes, 1990.

  5. THE DEMANDS PLACED ON FUEL SUPPLIES BY EXERCISE PARAMETERS

    Rushall notes, 1990.

  6. MUSCLE GLYCOGEN DEPLETION

    Carlile, F. (personal communication, July 8, 1991).

  7. DIET AND PERFORMANCE

    Kirwan, J. P., Costill, D. L., Mitchell, J. B., Houmard, J. A., Flinn, M. G., Fink, W. J., & Beltz, J. D. (1988). Carbohydrate balance in competitive runners during successive days of intense training. Journal of Applied Physiology, 65, 2601-2606.

  8. TRAINING MODIFIES FUEL USE

    Phillips, S. M., Green, H. J., Tarnopolsky, M. A., Heigenhauser, G. J., Hill, R. E., & Grant, S. M. (1996), Adaptations in fat and carbohydrate turnover and oxidation following training. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 6.

  9. DIET AND RUNNING PERFORMANCE

    Roltach, M. H., Flohr, J. A., & Brevard, P. B. (1996). The role of diet in endurance performance of male runners. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 536.

  10. SUMMARY OF FUEL ADDITIVES AND THEIR EFFECT ON PERFORMANCE

    Sherman, W. M., & Lamb, D. R. (Eds.). (1995). Proceedings of the Conference on Nutritional Ergogenic Aids. Sports Nutrition, 5, Supplement.

    CARBOHYDRATES

  11. ABSORBED GLUCOSE

    Rushall notes, 1990.

  12. ENERGY COST AND REPLACEMENT IN SWIMMERS

    Troup, J. P., Clem, K. L., & Ratliff, K. (1993). The effects of multiple, intense swimming workouts over consecutive days on glycogen depletion. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 25(5), Supplement abstract 428.

  13. CARBOHYDRATES AND PERFORMANCE

    Berning, J. R., Leenders, M. M., Ratliff, K., Clem, K. L., & Troup, J. P. (1993). The effects of a high carbohydrate pre-exercise meal on the consumption of confectioneries of different glycemic indices. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 25(5), Supplement abstract 125.

  14. CARBOHYDRATE SUPPLEMENTATION AND PERFORMANCE

    Anantaraman, R., Carmines, A. A., Gaesser, G. A., & Weltman, A. (1994). The effects of carbohydrate supplementation on maximal effort endurance performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 26(5), Supplement abstract 34.

  15. CARBOHYDRATES DO NOT ALLEVIATE POST-EXERCISE SORENESS

    Coles, M. G., & Doyle, J. A. (1994). The effect of carbohydrate consumption on delayed onset muscular soreness and indices of damage. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 26(5), Supplement abstract 33.

  16. NUTRITION AND SOCCER PERFORMANCE

    Kirkendall, D. T. (1993). Effects of nutrition on performance in soccer. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 25(12),1370-1374.

  17. MANY CARBOHYDRATE FEEDINGS IS PREFERABLE

    Leary, K. M. (1987). Carbohydrate feeding effects during submaximal and maximal exercise. Unpublished paper, Department of Physical Education, San Diego State University.

  18. CARBOHYDRATE AND PERFORMANCE

    Hecker, A. L., & Wheeler, K. B. (1994). Impact of hydration and energy intake on performance. The Journal of the National Athletic Trainers Association, 19, 4-9.

  19. CARBOHYDRATE REPLACEMENT IN THE HEAT

    Stafford, M. L., Sparling, P. B., Rosskopf, L. B., & Dicarlo, L. J. (1992). Carbohydrate-electrolyte replacement improves distance running performance in the heat. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 24, 934-940.

  20. CARBOHYDRATE SUPPLEMENTATION REVIEWED

    Coyle, E. F. (1991). Timing and method of increased carbohydrate intake to cope with heavy training, competition and recovery. Journal of Sports Sciences, 9, 18-37.

  21. CARBOHYDRATE DRINK CONCENTRATIONS AFFECT ASSIMILATION

    Bartoli, W. P., Horn, M. K., & Murray, R. (1995). Delayed gastric emptying during exercise with repeated ingestion of 8% carbohydrate solution. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 27(5), Supplement abstract 77.

  22. CARBOHYDRATE INGESTION AT PRACTICE DOES NOT HELP MUCH

    O'Sullivan, S. D., Sharp, R. L., King, D. S., Panton, W. W., White, W. S., & Hedrick, T. (1995). Influence of carbohydrate ingestion on interval training performance in intercollegiate male swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 27(5), Supplement abstract 78.

  23. PROBLEMS WITH DR. BARRY SEAR'S ZONE DIET

    Response by Dr. Larry Weisenthal (runnswim@aol.com) to a question posted on the bulletin board rec.sport.swimming, 15 May, 1996.

  24. POST-TRAINING CARBOHYDRATE INGESTION MEDIATES STRENGTH TRAINING DAMAGE

    Roy, B. D., Tamopolsky, M. A., MacDougall, J. D., Fowles, J., & Yarasheski, K. E. (1996). The effect of oral glucose supplements on muscle protein synthesis following resistance training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 28(5), Supplement abstract 769.

  25. CARBOHYDRATE FEEDINGS AND PROLONGED ENDURANCE CYCLING

    Wagenmakers, A. J., Jeukendrup, A. E., & Saris, W. H. (1996). Carbohydrate feedings improve 1 h time trial cycling performance. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 221.

  26. CARBOHYDRATE PASTE INGESTION DURING RUNNING

    Hotell, M. D., & Faria, I. E. (1996). Carbohydrate paste ingestion during prolonged treadmill running. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 222.

  27. CARBOHYDRATE LEVELS AND RESISTANCE EXERCISE

    DiLauro, P. C., Mitchell, J. B., Pizza, F. X., Lambert, C. P., & Cavender, D. L. (1996). The effect of carbohydrate status on resistance exercise performance. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 535.

  28. CARBOHYDRATE INGESTION EFFECTS IN EXERCISE DURING THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE

    Mittleman, K. D., Rangwalla, I., Zacher, C. M., & Bailey, S. P. (1996). Influence of carbohydrate ingestion on exercise to fatigue: Effect of menstrual cycle phase. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 575.

  29. FUEL SUPPLEMENTATION AND ENDURANCE RUNNING CAPACITY

    Chryssanthopoulos, C., & Williams. C. (1996). Influence of a pre-exercise meal and a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution on endurance running performance. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 765.

  30. CARBOHYDRATE INGESTION AND RUNNING PERFORMANCE

    Doyle, J. A., & Elliott, M. B. (1996). Distance running performance is improved with carbohydrate intake. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 766.

  31. LOW GLYCEMIC PRE-EXERCISE MEAL IMPROVES PERFORMANCE

    Kirwan, J. P., O'Gorman, D., Campbell, D., Sporay, G., & Evans, W. J. (1996). A low glycemic meal 45 minutes before exercise improves performance. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 768.

  32. PATTERNS OF CARBOHYDRATE REPLENISHMENT

    Herriott, N. L., Potteiger, J. A., & Zebas, C. J. (1996). A comparison of two different carbohydrate replenishment patterns on 5000 m rowing performance. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 770.

  33. POLYLACTATE BETTER THAN GLUCOSE POLYMER SOLUTION DURING EXERCISE

    Fahey, T. D., Larsen, J. D., Brooks, G. A., & Colvin, W. (1991). The effects of ingesting polylactate or glucose polymer drinks during prolonged exercise. International Journal of Sport Nutrition, 1, 249-256.

  34. CARBOHYDRATE USE IN MEN AND WOMEN

    Tarnopolsky, M. A., Atkinson, S. A., Phillips, S. M., & MacDougall, J. D. (1995). Carbohydrate loading and metabolism during exercise in men and women. Journal of Applied Physiology, 78, 1360-1368.

    AMINO ACIDS

  35. AMINO ACID SUPPLEMENTATION

    Copeland, I. (1989). Amino acid supplementation as an ergogenic aid. Excel, 6, 22-23.

  36. AMINO ACID SUPPLEMENTATIONS HELP SWIMMERS FEEL BETTER

    Kreider, R. B., & Jackson, C. W. (1994). Effects of amino acid supplementation on psychological status during an intercollegiate swim season. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 26(5), Supplement abstract 644.

  37. AMINO ACID SUPPLEMENTATION

    Nemoto, I., Tanaka, A., & Kuroda, Y. (1996). Branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation improves endurance capacities and RPE. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 219.

    SODIUM BICARBONATE

  38. SODIUM BICARBONATE INGESTION FOR ROWING

    Hyland, P. J., MacConnie, S. E., & Meigs, R. A. (1993). The effect of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on work output during a 2,000 meter rowing ergometer time trial. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 25(5), Supplement abstract 1085.

  39. SODIUM BICARBONATE INGESTION NOT FOR STRENGTH

    Webster, M. J., Webster, M. N., Crawford, R. E., & Gladden, L. B. (1993). Effect of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on exhaustive resistance exercise performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 25(5), Supplement abstract 1086.

  40. BICARBONATE INGESTION DOES NOT ALWAYS WORK

    Avedisian, L., Guerra, A., Wilcox, A., & Fox, S. (1995). The effect of selected buffering agents on performance in the competitive 1600 meter run. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 27(5), Supplement abstract 133.

    OTHER SUBSTANCES

  41. GINSENG DOES NOT IMPROVE PERFORMANCE

    Morris, A. C., Jacobs, I., Klugerman, A., & McLellan, T. M. (1994). No ergogenic effect of ginseng extract ingestion. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 26(5), Supplement abstract 35.

  42. PHOSPHATES DO NOT ASSIST PERFORMANCE

    Galloway, S. D., Sexsmith, J. R., Tremblay, M. S., & Roberts, C. J. (1994). The effects of acute phosphate supplementation in subjects of different aerobic fitness levels. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 26(5), Supplement abstract 133.

  43. CRITICISM OF META-Rx AND SIMILAR PRODUCTS

    Titchenal, A. (1996, January 28). Re: META-Rx - Danger! From the Internet .

  44. VITAMIN E

    O'Toole, M. L., Ginsburg, G. S., Agil, A., Douglas, P. S., & Rifal, N. (1996). Daily Vitamin E supplementation prior to ultraendurance exercise. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 485.

  45. INOSINE SUPPLEMENTATION

    Starling, R. D., Trappe, T. A., Short, K. R., Sheffield-Moore, M., Jozsi, A. C., Fink, W. J., & Costill, D. L. (1996). The effect of inosine supplementation on aerobic and anaerobic cycling performance. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 487.

  46. CHOLINE SUPPLEMENTATION NOT HELPFUL TO CYCLISTS

    Spector, S. A., Jackman, M. R., Sabounjian, L. A., Sakkas, C., Landers, D. M., & Willis, W. T. (1995). Effect of choline supplementation on fatigue in trained cyclists. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 27, 668-673.

  47. PROTEINS

    Rushall notes, 1989.

  48. CAFFEINE AND EXERCISE

    Rushall notes, 1990.

  49. CAFFEINE AND PERFORMANCE

    Spriett, L. L. (1995). Caffeine and performance. International Journal of Sport Nutrition, 5, S84-S99.

  50. POTASSIUM SUPPLEMENTATION AND AEROBIC CAPACITY

    Puglisse, A., Porcari, J. P., Price, S., & Robertshaw, S. (1996). The effects of 90 days of Km supplementation on the aerobic capacity and general well-being of healthy adults. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5),Supplement abstract 217.

  51. SODIUM INGESTION DURING EXERCISE

    Hawley, J. A., Sanders, B., Dennis, S. C., & Noakes, T. D. (1996). Effect of ingesting varying concentrations of sodium on fluid balance during exercise. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 350.

  52. DIETARY FIBER AND EXERCISE

    Parcell, A. C., Ray, M. M., Moss, K. A., Sharp, R. L., & King, D. S. (1996). Addition of soluble dietary fiber to pre-exercise carbohydrate feedings: Effects on substrate availability and endurance performance. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 534.

    HYDRATION AND ELECTROLYTE REPLACEMENT

  53. LIGHTWEIGHT ROWING WEIGHT LOSS CAUSES PERFORMANCE DECREMENT

    Burge, C. M., Carey, M. F., & Payne, W. R. (1993). Rowing performance, fluid balance, and metabolic function following dehydration and rehydration. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 25(12), 1358-1364.

  54. HYDRATION AND PERFORMANCE

    Hecker, A. L., & Wheeler, K. B. (1994). Impact of hydration and energy intake on performance. The Journal of the National Athletic Trainers Association, 19, 4-9.

  55. ELECTROLYTE REQUIREMENTS

    Hecker, A. L., & Wheeler, K. B. (1994). Impact of hydration and energy intake on performance. The Journal of the National Athletic Trainers Association, 19, 4-9.

  56. FLUID INTAKE DURING SWIMMING TRAINING

    Taimura, A., & Sugahara, M. (1996). Effect of fluid intake on performance, body temperature, and body weight loss during swimming training. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 940.

    VITAMINS AND ANTIOXIDANTS

  57. NIACIN SUPPLEMENTATION

    Heath, E. M., Wilcox, A. R., Lickliter, K. L., & Kornatz, K. W. (1996). Effect of niacin on endurance performance in cyclists. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 11.

  58. VITAMIN AND MINERAL STATUS IN TRAINED CYCLISTS

    Schirmer, G. P., Keith, R. E., Gropper, S. S., Pascoe, D. D., & Weese, J. (1996). Vitamin and mineral status of trained competitive cyclists during one year of training. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5),Supplement abstract 538.

  59. ANTIOXIDANT STATUS IN HARD-TRAINING RUNNERS

    Doi, T., Okamura, K., Sakurai, M., Hamada, K., Yoshioka, Y., Migita, T., Mitsuzono, R., & Sumida, S. (1996). Effects of repeated vigorous exercise on plasma antioxidant vitamins and urinary excretion of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 539.

  60. ANTIOXIDANTS AND ENDURANCE TRAINING

    Kawai, Y., Iwane, H., Takanami, Y., Shimomitsu, T., & Katsumura, T. (1996). Evaluation of total antioxidant capacity of serum after strenuous endurance exercise. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 541.

    CREATINE

  61. CREATINE SUPPLEMENTATION EFFECTS ON PERFORMANCE

    Terrillion, K. A., Dolenger, F. A., Kolkhorts, F. W., & Joslyn, S. J. (1996). The effect of creatine supplementation on two 700-m maximal running bouts. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 215.

  62. CREATINE AND RESISTANCE PERFORMANCE

    Volek, J. S., Kraemer, W. J., Bush, J. A., Boetes, M., Incledon, T., Clark, K. L., Lynch, J. M., & Knuttgen, H. G. (1996). Creatine supplementation: Effect on muscular performance during high-intensity resistance exercise. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 482.

  63. CREATINE AND CYCLING SPRINT PERFORMANCE

    Myburgh, K. H., Bold, A., Bellinger, B., Wilson, G., & Noakes, T. D. (1996). Creatine supplementation and sprint training in cyclists: Metabolic and performance effects. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 483.

  64. CREATINE AND CYCLE ERGOMETER PERFORMANCE

    Ruden, T. M., Parcell, A. C., Ray, M. L., Moss, K. A., Semler, J. L., Sharp, R. L., Rolfs, G. W., & King, D. S. (1996). Effects of oral creatine supplementation on performance and muscle metabolism during maximal exercise.Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 484.

    NASAL DILATORS

  65. NASAL DILATORS AND PERFORMANCE

    Huffman, M. S., Huffman, M. T., Brown, D. D., Quindry, J. C., & Thomas, D. Q. (1996). Exercise responses using the Breathe Right external nasal dilator. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 418.

  66. NASAL DILATORS AND RECOVERY

    Quindry, J. C., Brown, D. D., Huffman, M. S., Huffman, M. T., & Thomas, D. Q. (1996). Exercise recovery responses using the Breathe-Right nasal dilator. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 419.

  67. NASAL DILATORS AND EXERCISE VENTILATION

    Clapp, A. J., & Bishop, P. A. (1996). Effect of the Breathe-Right nasal dilator during light to moderate exercise. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 525.

  68. NASAL DILATORS ARE NO HELP IN SPRINTS

    Papanek, P. E., Young, C. C., Kellner, N. A., Lachacz, J. G., & Sprado, A. (1996). The effects of an external nasal dilator (Breathe-Right) on anaerobic sprint performance. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 1084.

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