Volume 2(3): November, 1996
FUEL AND ERGOGENIC AIDS
Special Associate Editor
Mark Kern, Ph.D., R.D.
Department of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences
San Diego State University
This third issue of Volume 2 of Coaching Science Abstracts reviews articles concerned with food and food supplements which are often considered to fuel exercise performance. Mostly, the substances considered are used with a view to enhance performance. Research on some of the less popular substances is far from complete. However, a relatively broad range of possible additives is presented while recognizing that deficiency.
Appended to the end of the compilation are references that evaluate the effects of nasal dilators. It is recognized that this entry is not of the same "class" as the remainder of the issue.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
GENERAL MECHANISMS
DEFINITIONS
Rushall notes, 1988.
MUSCLE FIBER RECRUITMENT AND THE TRAINING RESPONSE
Rushall notes, 1989.
ATP AND CP STORES
Rushall notes, 1990.
OXYGEN-INDEPENDENT GLYCOLYSIS
Rushall notes, 1990.
THE DEMANDS PLACED ON FUEL SUPPLIES BY EXERCISE PARAMETERS
Rushall notes, 1990.
MUSCLE GLYCOGEN DEPLETION
Carlile, F. (personal communication, July 8, 1991).
DIET AND PERFORMANCE
Kirwan, J. P., Costill, D. L., Mitchell, J. B., Houmard, J. A., Flinn, M. G., Fink, W. J., & Beltz, J. D. (1988). Carbohydrate balance in competitive runners during successive days of intense training. Journal of Applied Physiology, 65, 2601-2606.
TRAINING MODIFIES FUEL USE
Phillips, S. M., Green, H. J., Tarnopolsky, M. A., Heigenhauser, G. J., Hill, R. E., & Grant, S. M. (1996), Adaptations in fat and carbohydrate turnover and oxidation following training. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 6.
DIET AND RUNNING PERFORMANCE
Roltach, M. H., Flohr, J. A., & Brevard, P. B. (1996). The role of diet in endurance performance of male runners. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 536.
SUMMARY OF FUEL ADDITIVES AND THEIR EFFECT ON PERFORMANCE
Sherman, W. M., & Lamb, D. R. (Eds.). (1995). Proceedings of the Conference on Nutritional Ergogenic Aids. Sports Nutrition, 5, Supplement.
CARBOHYDRATES
ABSORBED GLUCOSE
Rushall notes, 1990.
ENERGY COST AND REPLACEMENT IN SWIMMERS
Troup, J. P., Clem, K. L., & Ratliff, K. (1993). The effects of multiple, intense swimming workouts over consecutive days on glycogen depletion. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 25(5), Supplement abstract 428.
CARBOHYDRATES AND PERFORMANCE
Berning, J. R., Leenders, M. M., Ratliff, K., Clem, K. L., & Troup, J. P. (1993). The effects of a high carbohydrate pre-exercise meal on the consumption of confectioneries of different glycemic indices. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 25(5), Supplement abstract 125.
CARBOHYDRATE SUPPLEMENTATION AND PERFORMANCE
Anantaraman, R., Carmines, A. A., Gaesser, G. A., & Weltman, A. (1994). The effects of carbohydrate supplementation on maximal effort endurance performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 26(5), Supplement abstract 34.
CARBOHYDRATES DO NOT ALLEVIATE POST-EXERCISE SORENESS
Coles, M. G., & Doyle, J. A. (1994). The effect of carbohydrate consumption on delayed onset muscular soreness and indices of damage. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 26(5), Supplement abstract 33.
NUTRITION AND SOCCER PERFORMANCE
Kirkendall, D. T. (1993). Effects of nutrition on performance in soccer. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 25(12),1370-1374.
MANY CARBOHYDRATE FEEDINGS IS PREFERABLE
Leary, K. M. (1987). Carbohydrate feeding effects during submaximal and maximal exercise. Unpublished paper, Department of Physical Education, San Diego State University.
CARBOHYDRATE AND PERFORMANCE
Hecker, A. L., & Wheeler, K. B. (1994). Impact of hydration and energy intake on performance. The Journal of the National Athletic Trainers Association, 19, 4-9.
CARBOHYDRATE REPLACEMENT IN THE HEAT
Stafford, M. L., Sparling, P. B., Rosskopf, L. B., & Dicarlo, L. J. (1992). Carbohydrate-electrolyte replacement improves distance running performance in the heat. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 24, 934-940.
CARBOHYDRATE SUPPLEMENTATION REVIEWED
Coyle, E. F. (1991). Timing and method of increased carbohydrate intake to cope with heavy training, competition and recovery. Journal of Sports Sciences, 9, 18-37.
CARBOHYDRATE DRINK CONCENTRATIONS AFFECT ASSIMILATION
Bartoli, W. P., Horn, M. K., & Murray, R. (1995). Delayed gastric emptying during exercise with repeated ingestion of 8% carbohydrate solution. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 27(5), Supplement abstract 77.
CARBOHYDRATE INGESTION AT PRACTICE DOES NOT HELP MUCH
O'Sullivan, S. D., Sharp, R. L., King, D. S., Panton, W. W., White, W. S., & Hedrick, T. (1995). Influence of carbohydrate ingestion on interval training performance in intercollegiate male swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 27(5), Supplement abstract 78.
PROBLEMS WITH DR. BARRY SEAR'S ZONE DIET
Response by Dr. Larry Weisenthal (runnswim@aol.com) to a question posted on the bulletin board rec.sport.swimming, 15 May, 1996.
POST-TRAINING CARBOHYDRATE INGESTION MEDIATES STRENGTH TRAINING DAMAGE
Roy, B. D., Tamopolsky, M. A., MacDougall, J. D., Fowles, J., & Yarasheski, K. E. (1996). The effect of oral glucose supplements on muscle protein synthesis following resistance training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 28(5), Supplement abstract 769.
CARBOHYDRATE FEEDINGS AND PROLONGED ENDURANCE CYCLING
Wagenmakers, A. J., Jeukendrup, A. E., & Saris, W. H. (1996). Carbohydrate feedings improve 1 h time trial cycling performance. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 221.
CARBOHYDRATE PASTE INGESTION DURING RUNNING
Hotell, M. D., & Faria, I. E. (1996). Carbohydrate paste ingestion during prolonged treadmill running. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 222.
CARBOHYDRATE LEVELS AND RESISTANCE EXERCISE
DiLauro, P. C., Mitchell, J. B., Pizza, F. X., Lambert, C. P., & Cavender, D. L. (1996). The effect of carbohydrate status on resistance exercise performance. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 535.
CARBOHYDRATE INGESTION EFFECTS IN EXERCISE DURING THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Mittleman, K. D., Rangwalla, I., Zacher, C. M., & Bailey, S. P. (1996). Influence of carbohydrate ingestion on exercise to fatigue: Effect of menstrual cycle phase. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 575.
FUEL SUPPLEMENTATION AND ENDURANCE RUNNING CAPACITY
Chryssanthopoulos, C., & Williams. C. (1996). Influence of a pre-exercise meal and a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution on endurance running performance. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 765.
CARBOHYDRATE INGESTION AND RUNNING PERFORMANCE
Doyle, J. A., & Elliott, M. B. (1996). Distance running performance is improved with carbohydrate intake. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 766.
LOW GLYCEMIC PRE-EXERCISE MEAL IMPROVES PERFORMANCE
Kirwan, J. P., O'Gorman, D., Campbell, D., Sporay, G., & Evans, W. J. (1996). A low glycemic meal 45 minutes before exercise improves performance. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 768.
PATTERNS OF CARBOHYDRATE REPLENISHMENT
Herriott, N. L., Potteiger, J. A., & Zebas, C. J. (1996). A comparison of two different carbohydrate replenishment patterns on 5000 m rowing performance. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 770.
POLYLACTATE BETTER THAN GLUCOSE POLYMER SOLUTION DURING EXERCISE
Fahey, T. D., Larsen, J. D., Brooks, G. A., & Colvin, W. (1991). The effects of ingesting polylactate or glucose polymer drinks during prolonged exercise. International Journal of Sport Nutrition, 1, 249-256.
CARBOHYDRATE USE IN MEN AND WOMEN
Tarnopolsky, M. A., Atkinson, S. A., Phillips, S. M., & MacDougall, J. D. (1995). Carbohydrate loading and metabolism during exercise in men and women. Journal of Applied Physiology, 78, 1360-1368.
AMINO ACIDS
AMINO ACID SUPPLEMENTATION
Copeland, I. (1989). Amino acid supplementation as an ergogenic aid. Excel, 6, 22-23.
AMINO ACID SUPPLEMENTATIONS HELP SWIMMERS FEEL BETTER
Kreider, R. B., & Jackson, C. W. (1994). Effects of amino acid supplementation on psychological status during an intercollegiate swim season. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 26(5), Supplement abstract 644.
AMINO ACID SUPPLEMENTATION
Nemoto, I., Tanaka, A., & Kuroda, Y. (1996). Branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation improves endurance capacities and RPE. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 219.
SODIUM BICARBONATE
SODIUM BICARBONATE INGESTION FOR ROWING
Hyland, P. J., MacConnie, S. E., & Meigs, R. A. (1993). The effect of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on work output during a 2,000 meter rowing ergometer time trial. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 25(5), Supplement abstract 1085.
SODIUM BICARBONATE INGESTION NOT FOR STRENGTH
Webster, M. J., Webster, M. N., Crawford, R. E., & Gladden, L. B. (1993). Effect of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on exhaustive resistance exercise performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 25(5), Supplement abstract 1086.
BICARBONATE INGESTION DOES NOT ALWAYS WORK
Avedisian, L., Guerra, A., Wilcox, A., & Fox, S. (1995). The effect of selected buffering agents on performance in the competitive 1600 meter run. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 27(5), Supplement abstract 133.
OTHER SUBSTANCES
GINSENG DOES NOT IMPROVE PERFORMANCE
Morris, A. C., Jacobs, I., Klugerman, A., & McLellan, T. M. (1994). No ergogenic effect of ginseng extract ingestion. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 26(5), Supplement abstract 35.
PHOSPHATES DO NOT ASSIST PERFORMANCE
Galloway, S. D., Sexsmith, J. R., Tremblay, M. S., & Roberts, C. J. (1994). The effects of acute phosphate supplementation in subjects of different aerobic fitness levels. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 26(5), Supplement abstract 133.
CRITICISM OF META-Rx AND SIMILAR PRODUCTS
Titchenal, A. (1996, January 28). Re: META-Rx - Danger! From the Internet .
VITAMIN E
O'Toole, M. L., Ginsburg, G. S., Agil, A., Douglas, P. S., & Rifal, N. (1996). Daily Vitamin E supplementation prior to ultraendurance exercise. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 485.
INOSINE SUPPLEMENTATION
Starling, R. D., Trappe, T. A., Short, K. R., Sheffield-Moore, M., Jozsi, A. C., Fink, W. J., & Costill, D. L. (1996). The effect of inosine supplementation on aerobic and anaerobic cycling performance. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 487.
CHOLINE SUPPLEMENTATION NOT HELPFUL TO CYCLISTS
Spector, S. A., Jackman, M. R., Sabounjian, L. A., Sakkas, C., Landers, D. M., & Willis, W. T. (1995). Effect of choline supplementation on fatigue in trained cyclists. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 27, 668-673.
PROTEINS
Rushall notes, 1989.
CAFFEINE AND EXERCISE
Rushall notes, 1990.
CAFFEINE AND PERFORMANCE
Spriett, L. L. (1995). Caffeine and performance. International Journal of Sport Nutrition, 5, S84-S99.
POTASSIUM SUPPLEMENTATION AND AEROBIC CAPACITY
Puglisse, A., Porcari, J. P., Price, S., & Robertshaw, S. (1996). The effects of 90 days of Km supplementation on the aerobic capacity and general well-being of healthy adults. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5),Supplement abstract 217.
SODIUM INGESTION DURING EXERCISE
Hawley, J. A., Sanders, B., Dennis, S. C., & Noakes, T. D. (1996). Effect of ingesting varying concentrations of sodium on fluid balance during exercise. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 350.
DIETARY FIBER AND EXERCISE
Parcell, A. C., Ray, M. M., Moss, K. A., Sharp, R. L., & King, D. S. (1996). Addition of soluble dietary fiber to pre-exercise carbohydrate feedings: Effects on substrate availability and endurance performance. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 534.
HYDRATION AND ELECTROLYTE REPLACEMENT
LIGHTWEIGHT ROWING WEIGHT LOSS CAUSES PERFORMANCE DECREMENT
Burge, C. M., Carey, M. F., & Payne, W. R. (1993). Rowing performance, fluid balance, and metabolic function following dehydration and rehydration. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 25(12), 1358-1364.
HYDRATION AND PERFORMANCE
Hecker, A. L., & Wheeler, K. B. (1994). Impact of hydration and energy intake on performance. The Journal of the National Athletic Trainers Association, 19, 4-9.
ELECTROLYTE REQUIREMENTS
Hecker, A. L., & Wheeler, K. B. (1994). Impact of hydration and energy intake on performance. The Journal of the National Athletic Trainers Association, 19, 4-9.
FLUID INTAKE DURING SWIMMING TRAINING
Taimura, A., & Sugahara, M. (1996). Effect of fluid intake on performance, body temperature, and body weight loss during swimming training. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 940.
VITAMINS AND ANTIOXIDANTS
NIACIN SUPPLEMENTATION
Heath, E. M., Wilcox, A. R., Lickliter, K. L., & Kornatz, K. W. (1996). Effect of niacin on endurance performance in cyclists. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 11.
VITAMIN AND MINERAL STATUS IN TRAINED CYCLISTS
Schirmer, G. P., Keith, R. E., Gropper, S. S., Pascoe, D. D., & Weese, J. (1996). Vitamin and mineral status of trained competitive cyclists during one year of training. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5),Supplement abstract 538.
ANTIOXIDANT STATUS IN HARD-TRAINING RUNNERS
Doi, T., Okamura, K., Sakurai, M., Hamada, K., Yoshioka, Y., Migita, T., Mitsuzono, R., & Sumida, S. (1996). Effects of repeated vigorous exercise on plasma antioxidant vitamins and urinary excretion of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 539.
ANTIOXIDANTS AND ENDURANCE TRAINING
Kawai, Y., Iwane, H., Takanami, Y., Shimomitsu, T., & Katsumura, T. (1996). Evaluation of total antioxidant capacity of serum after strenuous endurance exercise. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 541.
CREATINE
CREATINE SUPPLEMENTATION EFFECTS ON PERFORMANCE
Terrillion, K. A., Dolenger, F. A., Kolkhorts, F. W., & Joslyn, S. J. (1996). The effect of creatine supplementation on two 700-m maximal running bouts. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 215.
CREATINE AND RESISTANCE PERFORMANCE
Volek, J. S., Kraemer, W. J., Bush, J. A., Boetes, M., Incledon, T., Clark, K. L., Lynch, J. M., & Knuttgen, H. G. (1996). Creatine supplementation: Effect on muscular performance during high-intensity resistance exercise. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 482.
CREATINE AND CYCLING SPRINT PERFORMANCE
Myburgh, K. H., Bold, A., Bellinger, B., Wilson, G., & Noakes, T. D. (1996). Creatine supplementation and sprint training in cyclists: Metabolic and performance effects. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 483.
CREATINE AND CYCLE ERGOMETER PERFORMANCE
Ruden, T. M., Parcell, A. C., Ray, M. L., Moss, K. A., Semler, J. L., Sharp, R. L., Rolfs, G. W., & King, D. S. (1996). Effects of oral creatine supplementation on performance and muscle metabolism during maximal exercise.Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 484.
NASAL DILATORS
NASAL DILATORS AND PERFORMANCE
Huffman, M. S., Huffman, M. T., Brown, D. D., Quindry, J. C., & Thomas, D. Q. (1996). Exercise responses using the Breathe Right external nasal dilator. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 418.
NASAL DILATORS AND RECOVERY
Quindry, J. C., Brown, D. D., Huffman, M. S., Huffman, M. T., & Thomas, D. Q. (1996). Exercise recovery responses using the Breathe-Right nasal dilator. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 419.
NASAL DILATORS AND EXERCISE VENTILATION
Clapp, A. J., & Bishop, P. A. (1996). Effect of the Breathe-Right nasal dilator during light to moderate exercise. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 525.
NASAL DILATORS ARE NO HELP IN SPRINTS
Papanek, P. E., Young, C. C., Kellner, N. A., Lachacz, J. G., & Sprado, A. (1996). The effects of an external nasal dilator (Breathe-Right) on anaerobic sprint performance. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 28(5), Supplement abstract 1084.
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