STRENGTH TRAINING 8

This first issue of Volume 23 of Coaching Science Abstracts reviews articles concerned with strength and resistance training and stretching. The first issue of strength training can be accessed as Volume 2(1), the second as Volume 5(1), the third as Volume 8(1), the fourth as Volume 11(1), the fifth as Volume 14(1), the sixth as Volume 17(1), and the seventh as Volume 20(1). These latest researches indicate that many of today's strength training practices are incorrect and the benefits from such training is greatly exaggerated.

1. GENERAL THEORY

1. MOST RESISTANCE EXERCISES ARE MODERATE INTENSITY ACTIVITY

   Vezina, J. W., Meckes, N., Der Ananian, C. A., Campbell, K., D., & Ainsworth, B. E. (2012). A measurement of the energy cost of resistance training activities in young men. Presentation 2214 at the 59th Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, San Francisco, California; May 29-June 2, 2012.

2. CONTINUOUS MUSCLE-ENDURANCE EXERCISES PRODUCE ADAPTATION IN FEMALES

   Hiruma, E., Umimura, M., & Katamoto, S. Effects of repeated maximum endurance strength exercise on muscle damage and repair in collegiate females. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 45(5), Supplement abstract number 748.

3. EFFECTS OF HIGH-INTENSITY RESISTANCE TRAINING ARE REVEALED THROUGH FOREARM BLOOD FLOW IN FEMALES

   Rossow, L. M., Fahs, C. A., Thiebaud, R. S., Loenneke, J. P., Kim, D., Mouser, G., Shore, E. A., Siegrist, E. A., & Memben, M. G. (2013). Cardiovascular responses to eight weeks of high-intensity resistance training. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 45(5), Supplement abstract number 1337.

4. THE PERFORMANCE OF STRENGTH IS GOVERNED PARTLY BY NEURAL STIMULATION AND EXCITABILITY

   Lepley, A. S., Bahhur, N. W., Murray, A. M., & Pietrosimone, B. G. (2013). Contributions of neural excitability and voluntary activation to quadriceps muscle strength. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 45(5), Supplement abstract number 1542.

5. HIGH-REPETITION RESISTANCE TRAINING: A CAUTIOUS READING OF THIS PAPER IS RECOMMENDED

   Lantis, D. J., Farrell, J. W., Barton, M. A., & Larson, R. D. (2014). High-repetition resistance training improves fixed blood lactate at 4 mmol/l in endurance trained individuals. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46(5), Supplement abstract number 915.

6. CIRCUIT TRAINING TIRES ATHLETES FASTER THAN WHEN DOING TRADITIONAL STRENGTH TRAINING

   Cho, A. L., Ciccone, A. B., Hafenstine, R., Pereira, M., Brown, L. E., Coburn, J. W., & Galpin, A. J. (2014). Alternating whole-body strength training increases time to peak ground reaction force across multiple sets. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46(5), Supplement abstract number 949.

7. ISCHEMIC PRECONDITIONING DOES NOT INFLUENCE ISOKINETIC MUSCLE FUNCTION OR PERFORMANCE

   Lu, K.-H., Chang, C.-Y., & Chan, K.-H. (2014). Ischemic preconditioning does not improve isokinetic muscle strength and endurance in humans. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46(5), Supplement abstract number 961.

8. ISCHEMIC PRECONDITIONING HAS ONLY MINOR EFFECTS OF REPEATED-SPRINT ACTIVITY

   Lopes, T. R., de Freitas, F. S., Gerreitra, T. N., Succi, J. E., Rabbani, S. R., Silva, A. C., & Silva, B. M. (2014). Effect of ischemic preconditioning on performance and physiological responses to multiple sets of repeated sprints. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46(5), Supplement abstract number 963.

9. BLOOD FLOW-RESTRICTION INFLUENCES VERY FEW VARIABLES

   De Oliveira, F. B., Lima, L. C., Oliveira, T. P., Santos, F. A., Assumpcao, C. O., Greco, C. C., & Denadai, B. S. (2014). Blood-flow restriction walking training influences running economy? Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46(5), Supplement abstract number 1202.

10. CRITICAL POWER DOES NOT DIFFERENTIATE FATIGUED FROM NON-FATIGUED

    Bergstrom, H. C., Housh, T. J., Cochrane, K. C., Jenkins, N. D., Buckner, S. L., Baker, B., Schmidt, R. J., Johnson, G. O., & Cramer, J. T. (2014). Neuromuscular responses during continuous exercise at, above, and below critical power. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46(5), Supplement abstract number 2472.

11. MOTOR PATTERNS AND MUSCLES USED CHANGE FROM SUBMAXIMAL TO MAXIMAL ARM-CYCLING

    Elmer, S. J., Peterson, M. D., & Marshall, C. S. (2014). Muscle coordination during submaximal and maximal arm cycling. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46(5), Supplement abstract number 2491.

12. RESISTANCE-TRAINED OLDER ADULTS HYPERTROPHY SLOWER THAN YOUNGER ADULTS

    Nogueira, F. R., Lixandrao, M. E., Libardi, C. A., Conceicao, M. S., Berton, R. P., Vechin, F. C., Frota, T., Chacon-Midahil, M. P., Cavablieri, C. R., Bottaro, M., & Ugrinowitsch,C. (2014). Time-course of skeletal muscle hypertrophy with resistance training in older adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46(5), Supplement abstract number 2074.

13. OLDER MEN ARE SLOWER TO RECOVER LOWER-LIMB STRENGTH FUNCTIONS AFTER SHORT-TERM DISUSE

    Hvid, L. G., Suetta, C., Nielsen, J. H., Jensen, M. M., Frandsen, U., Ortenblad, N., Kjaer, M., & Aagaard, P. (2014). Aging impairs the recovery in mechanical muscle function following four days of disuse. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46(5), Supplement abstract number 2225.
    2. STRENGTH TRAINING FACTORS

14. AN ALTERATION IN AN ACTIVITY RESULTS IN DIFFERENT MECHANICS

    Wright, K. D., Graham, S. M., Moir, G. L., & Connaboy, C. (2012). The effects of additional load on the occurrence of bilateral-deficit: mechanical or neural factors? Presentation 2178 at the 59th Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, San Francisco, California; May 29-June 2, 2012.

15. STRENGTH RECOVERY IS INFLUENCED BY THE WARM-UP EFFECT

    Green, L., Parro, J., & Gabriel, D. A. (2013). Recovery of strength following local muscular fatigue in the tibialis anterior. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 45(5), Supplement abstract number 461.

16. AFFECT AND RESISTANCE EXERCISE INTENSITY IS A COMPLICATED RELATIONSHIP

    Greene, D. R., Winter, A. P., & Petruzzello, S. J. (2013). Effect of differing intensities of resistance exercise on affect and enjoyment. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 45(5), Supplement abstract number 549.

17. MASSED VERSUS DISTRIBUTED RESISTANCE EXERCISE PRACTICE AFFECTS THE RATE OF LEARNING IN FEMALES

    McGuire, J., Green, L., Calder, K. M., Patterson, J., &Gabriel, D. A. (2013). The effect of massed versus distributed practice on the variability of muscle activity and force. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 45(5), Supplement abstract number 1543.

18. THE ORDER OF STRENGTH AND ENDURANCE TRAINING IN A SINGLE SESSION DOES NOT MATTER WITH REGARD TO STRENGTH GAINS

    Schumann, M., Kuusmaa, M., Syvaojal, H., Walker, S., Nyman, K., Hakkinen, A., Kraemer, W. J., & Hakkinen, K. (2013). Changes in strength and muscle CSA during combined endurance and strength training: order effect. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 45(5), Supplement abstract number 2145.

19. COLD-WATER IMMERSION AS A RECOVERY PROCEDURE RESTRICTS RESISTANCE-TRAINING EFFECTS

    Roberts, L. A., Raastad, T., Cameron-Smith, D., Coombes, K. S., & Peake, J. M. (2014). Cold water immersion reduces chronic resistance training-induced adaptation. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46(5), Supplement abstract number 904.

20. A DESCENDING-RESISTANCE PROTOCOL PRODUCES GREATER TRAINING VOLUME THAN A CONSTANT-RESISTANCE PROTOCOL

    Paik, S. H., Yu, C. K., Mermier, C., & Kwon, Y. S. (2014). A descending resistance-training program produces greater exercise volume than a constant resistance-training program. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46(5), Supplement abstract number 908.

21. DISCONTINUOUS RESISTANCE TRAINING IN UNTRAINED FEMALES DOES NOT AFFECT EVENTUAL STRENGTH GAINS

    Martorelli, A., Gentil, P., Soares, S., Fischer, B., Castanheira, R., Martorelli, S., Magalhaes, I. E., Vieira, A., Cadore, E. L., & Bottaro, M. (2014). Effect of prolonged strength training, detraining, and re-strength-training on muscle strength. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46(5), Supplement abstract number 912.

22. RESISTANCE-EXERCISE PERFORMANCE FACTORS CHANGE DURING RESISTANCE-EXERCISE TAPERS IN YOUNG THROWERS

    Zaras, M., Stasinaki, A., Krase, A., Methenitis, S., Spengos, K., Karampatsos, G., Georgiadis, G., & Terzis, G. (2014). Effects of tapering with light vs. heavy loads on track and field throwing performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46(5), Supplement abstract number 956.

23. TIME FOR RECOVERY DIFFERS BETWEEN RESISTANCE EXERCISES IN ADOLESCENT MALE ATHLETES

    Mitchell, J. B., Herron, R. L., Carter, S. J., Hornsby, J. H., & Bishop, P. A. (2014). Upper- and lower-body strength training recovery in male adolescent athletes. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46(5), Supplement abstract number 1457.

24. ELECTRICAL STIMULATION IS VASTLY SUPERIOR TO ACTIVE EXERCISE AS A RECOVERY TREATMENT FOLLOWING ACUTE MUSCLE FATIGUE

    Lu, P.-T., & Tsai, M.-W. (2014). Effects of active recovery and electrical stimulation on muscle fatigue recovery. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46(5), Supplement abstract number 1460.

25. DUMBELLS ABOUT AS GOOD AS INERTIAL TRAINING DEVICES WITH FEMALES

    Mitchell, A., Ralston, J., Davies, G., & Riemann, B. L. (2014). Comparison of upper extremity muscle activation between different inertial exercise equipment. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46(5), Supplement abstract number 2474.

26. MUSCULAR STRENGTH IS INCREASED WITH BRANCHED CHAIN AMINO-ACID LEUCINE SUPPLEMENTATION

    Machado, O., & Borges, E. (2014). The influence of branched-chain amino-acid leucine on muscular strength and hypertrophy. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46(5), Supplement abstract number 1796.

27. TRADITIONAL RESISTANCE EXERCISE IS MORE DEMANDING THAN BODY-WEIGHT SUSPENSION EXERCISE

    Lauver, J. D., Cayot, T. E., & Scheuermann, B. W. (2014). The influence of suspension training on neuromuscular recruitment patterns. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46(5), Supplement abstract number 2478.

28. GIRLS ARE LESS SUSCEPTIBLE TO ECCENTRIC-TRAINING MUSCLE DAMAGE THAN ADULT WOMEN

    Chen, T. C., Lin, M.-R., Ho, C.-C., Chen, H.-L., Tseng, K.-W., & Nosaka, K. (2016). Proprioception changes after eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors: comparison between children and adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 48(5), Supplement abstract number 687.

29. RESISTANCE TRAINING REDUCES THE VO2 SLOW-COMPONENT IN YOUNG MALES

    Fontana, F. Y., Spigolon, G., & Pogliaghi, S. (2016). VO2 slow-component: The effect of strength training on metabolic efficiency and exercise tolerance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 48(5), Supplement abstract number 739.

30. A SINGLE SET OF REPETITIONS INCREASES STRENGTH AS WELL AS MULTIPLE SETS

    Junyoung, H., Trevino, T., Smith, J. D., Ross, C. N. & Lee, S. (2015). Comparison of multiple sets and single set of resistance training on muscle strength and power. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 47(5), Supplement abstract number 1508.

31. MALES AND FEMALES RESPOND DIFFERENTLY TO BENCH-PRESS AND PUSH-UPS

    Foley, K. K., Carswell, T. L., & Mier, C. M. (2014). Gender differences in push-up and bench-press as related to body weight. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46(5), Supplement abstract number 3002.

32. TESTOSTERONE BOOSTER FAILS TO ALTER TESTOSTERONE, STRENGTH, OR LEAN BODY MASS DURING A RESISTANCE-TRAINING PROGRAM

    Gonzalez, M., Reed, M., Fowkes-Godik, S., & Cattano, N. (2016). The effects of testosterone boosters on testosterone, strength, and body composition in young trained males. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 48(5), Supplement abstract number 234.
    3. APPLICATIONS

33. DUBIOUS SUPPORT FOR BODY STRENGTH IN MALE SWIMMERS

    Uno, Y., Kasuga, K., & Fukutomi, K. (2013). The relationship between competitive ability and isokinetic trunk strength among university student swimmers. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 45(5), Supplement abstract number 532.

34. TETHERED SWIMMING DOES NOT YIELD MUCH VALUABLE INFORMATION ABOUT SWIMMING 200m

    Rodacki, A. L., Santos, K. B., Pereira, G., & Bento, P. C. (2013). Fatigue effects on propulsive forces and stroke rate during tethered and front crawl swimming tests. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 45(5), Supplement abstract number 534.

35. PLYOMETRIC TRAINING IMPROVES RUNNING PERFORMANCE BUT NOT RUNNING ECONOMY

    Pellegrino, J., & Dumke, C. L. (2013). The effect of plyometric training on running economy and titin. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 45(5), Supplement abstract number 739.

36. RESISTANCE AND SPRINT-INTERVAL TRAINING DO NOT INTERFERE WITH EACH OTHER

    Laird, R. H., Kennedy, S., Elmer, D., Barberio, M., Aslom, P., Lee, K., & Pascoe, D. D. (2014). Effect of concurrent sprint interval and resistance training on strength, power, and aerobic performance measures. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46(5), Supplement abstract number 934.

37. POST-ACTIVATION POTENTIATION IMPROVES SHOT-PUT PERFORMANCE

    Conley, D. S., Thomas, Y. M., Kern, J. L., Doolittle, B. L. & Evetovich, T. K. (2014). Bench press but not back squat potentiates shot put performance in collegiate athletes. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46(5), Supplement abstract number 2993.

38. PERFORMANCE EFFECTS OF CROSSFIT AND TRADITIONAL STRENGTH TRAINING ARE SIMILAR

    Sobrero, G. L., Arnett, S., Schafer, M., Stone, W., Lyons, S., Esslinger, K., Esslinger, T., Crandall, J., & Maples, J. (2014). CrossFit vs. resistance-training: effects of a six-week training program on selected performance indicators. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46(5), Supplement abstract number 3342.
    4. POWER

39. POWER RESISTANCE TRAINING MIGHT HAVE SPECIFIC EFFECTS

    Miltenberger, M., Miller, T., Davis, S., Pullo, F. (2012). The effects of short-term power training on vertical jump performance. Presentation 2624 at the 59th Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, San Francisco, California; May 29-June 2, 2012.

40. HIGH-SPEED RESISTANCE TRAINING IMPROVES PEAK POWER AND THE SPEED WITH WHICH IT IS ACHIEVED IN OLDER SUBJECTS

    Sayers, S. P., & Kyle, G. (2013). The effect of high-speed power training on peak power production in older adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 45(5), Supplement abstract number 1006.

41. POWER TRAINING BETTER THAN STRENGTH TRAINING IN OLDER WOMEN

    Lopes, P. B., Bento, P. C., Pereira, G., Cavazza, J. F., Wolf, R., & Rodacki, A. F. (2013). Power and strength training on functionality and maximal isometric contractions in elderly. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 45(5), Supplement abstract number 1549.

42. PROXIMAL POWER TRAINING IMPROVES THROWING VELOCITY

    Palmer, T. G., Mattacola, C. G., Uhl, T. L., Hewett, T. E., Howell, D., & Viele, K. (2013). Effects of a sport specific training program on throwing velocity in softball and baseball players. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 45(5), Supplement abstract number 2259.

43. KNEE-EXTENSION POWER RELATED TO BLOCKING EFFICIENCY IN OFFENSIVE LINEMEN

    Woolsey, C. L., Jacobson, B. H., & Boolani, A. (2014). The relationship between isometric peak knee strength to peak drive-block power in Division-I football lineman. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46(5), Supplement abstract number 249.

44. AFTER 48 HOURS, FEMALES RECOVER FROM HEAVY-RESISTANCE TRAINING AND AT 72 HOURS SHOW PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENTS AS WELL

    Madsen, S., & Bosak, A. (2014). The effects of recovery time on subsequent maximal resistance training performance in trained females. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46(5), Supplement abstract number 1462.
    5. SPECIFICITY AND EXTENDED EFFECTS

45. HIGH-INTENSITY INTERVAL TRAINING INCREASES MUSCLE SIZE IN YOUNG PEOPLE

    Losey, C., Thrush, D., Malinowski, A., Piacentini, M., Gearhart, S., Norton, J., Schick, J., Salley, E., & Hayes, E. (2013). High-intensity aerobic interval training stimulates muscle hypertrophy in young untrained subjects. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 45(5), Supplement abstract number 749.

46. COMBINED INTERVALS OF RESISTANCE AND AEROBIC EXERCISE HAVE VALUE

    Gallagher, R., Ansinelli, H., Claytor, R. P. (2013). Cardiopulmonary, metabolic and perceptual responses to two types of combined resistance and aerobic exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 45(5), Supplement abstract number 1341.

47. RESISTANCE TRAINING DOES NOT IMPROVE COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN OLDER PERSONS

    Beyer, K. S., Fragala, M. S., Pruna, G. J., Boone, C. G., Bohner, J. D., Townsend, J. R., Jatjner, A. R., & Emerson, N. S. (2013). Resistance exercise training and cognitive function in older adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 45(5), Supplement abstract number 2046.

48. UPPER-BODY STRENGTH RELATED TO LACROSSE SHOT SPEED

    Bang, S., & Duoos, B. A. (2014). Effect of muscular strength on shot speed in male collegiate lacrosse players. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46(5), Supplement abstract number 239.

49. RESISTANCE TRAINING DOES NOT IMPROVE TRIATHLON PERFORMANCE – SO, WHY DO IT?

    Dirr, J. R., Lester, B. E., Lester, E. B., & Kraus, R. M. (2014). The influence of resistance training on performance in an international distance triathlon. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46(5), Supplement abstract number 914.

50. NO-RESISTANCE RESISTANCE-TRAINING MOVEMENT PATTERNS DO PRODUCE SOME STRENGTH GAINS IN UNTRAINED INDIVIDUALS

    Dorgo, S., Reed-Jones, R. J., Murray, N. G., & Ambati, P. V. (2014). Short-term strength adaptations in trained and untrained young adults elicited by minimal and overload resistance training intensities. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46(5), Supplement abstract number 915.

51. STRENGTH TRAINING IMPAIRS SUBSEQUENT ENDURANCE PERFORMANCE

    Cadore, E. L., Conceicao, M., Izquierdo, M., Wilhelm, E. N., Liedtke, G. V., Pinto, R. S., Gonzalez-Isal, M., Schneider, C. D., Ferrari, R., Goltz, F. R., Bottaro, M, & Kruel, L. F. (2014). Acute effects of strength and plyometric training on performance and cardiorespiratory responses during endurance exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46(5), Supplement abstract number 927.

52. PLYOMETRICS TRAINING IMPROVES ANAEROBIC QUALITIES, AGILITY, AND MOVEMENT SPEED

    Assuncao, A. R., Gentil, P., Mottaro, M., Fischer, B., & Celes, R. (2014). Effects of plyometrics on anaerobic power and aerobic capacity in adolescent males. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46(5), Supplement abstract number 950.

53. PLYOMETRICS HAS SIMILAR FITNESS EFFECTS TO ENDURANCE TRAINING

    Snyder, T., & Swensen, T. (2014). Effects of plyometric and endurance training on aerobic and anaerobic power. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46(5), Supplement abstract number 951.

54. TRADITIONAL STRENGTH MEASURES ARE NOT ASSOCIATED WITH AGILITY

    Greig, M., & Naylor, J. (2014). Lower limb isokinetic strength parameters as predictors of agility performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46(5), Supplement abstract number 3000.

55. HIGH-RESISTANCE TRAINING CHANGES TENDON STIFFNESS BUT NOT PERFORMANCE OR JOINT KINEMATICS

    Silva, K. E., Riebe, D. A., & Earp, J. E. (2016). Do training induced changes in quadriceps tendon stiffness result in reflective changes in jump kinematics? Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 48(5), Supplement abstract number 694.

56. STRENGTH-TRAINING PRODUCES A CHANGE IN AEROBIC FUNCTION

    Pogliaghi, S., Spigolon, G., & Fontana, F. Y. (2016). “Excess” VO2: the effect of strength training on metabolic efficiency and exercise tolerance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 48(5), Supplement abstract number 736.
    6. STRETCHING

57. DYNAMIC STRETCHING IMPROVES RUNNING PERFORMANCE

    Wunderlich, A., Yeargin, S. W., Wilson, J., & Kingsley, J. D. (2013). Dynamic stretching on 5-km performance and running economy in collegiate cross-country runners. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 45(5), Supplement abstract number 698.

58. STATIC STRETCHING INFLUENCES METABOLIC EFFICIENCY

    Besser. T., Evans, B.,Finn, D., O'Neill, A., Schafer, M. A., Hoover, D. L. (2013). The effects of static stretching on metabolic efficiency during a graded cycling-test. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 45(5), Supplement abstract number 2172.

59. STRETCHING-ONLY EXERCISES IN WARM-UPS SUPPRESS GOLF-STROKE PERFORMANCE FACTORS

    Fradkin, A. J. (2014). Which warm-up components are essential to improve female golf performance? Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46(5), Supplement abstract number 959.

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