Volume 7(1): September, 2001

PRINCIPLES OF TRAINING 3

This first issue of Volume 7 of Coaching Science Abstracts reviews articles concerned with principles and factors associated with training program content. Two previous issues, namely Volume 1(1) and Volume 4(1), also dealt with this topic. The information from those two sources as well as that contained in this issue, will yield an extensive knowledge base of recent research in sports conditioning.

This volume constitutes the commencement of the third cycle of topics embraced by this journal.

    TABLE OF CONTENTS

    GENERAL

  1. PRESCRIBED TRAINING INTENSITIES NOT FOLLOWED BY ATHLETES

    Stewart, A. M., & Hopkins, W. G. (1997). Swimmers' compliance with training prescription. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29, 1389-1392.

  2. TRAINING INTENSITY, NOT VOLUME OR FREQUENCY, IS RELATED TO PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT

    Mujika, I., Busson, T., Geyssant, A., & Chatard, J. C. (1996). Training content and its effects on performance in 100 and 200 m swimmers. In J. P. Troup, A. P. Hollander, D. Strasse, S. W. Trappe, J. M. Cappaert, & T. A. Trappe (Eds.), Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming VII (pp. 201-207). London: E & FN Spon.

  3. PHYSICAL EDUCATION CLASSES ARE NOT AN AVENUE FOR IMPROVING AEROBIC FITNESS IN FEMALE STUDENTS

    Crowhurst, M. E., Morrow, J. R. Jr., Pivarnik, J. M., & Brieker, J. T. (1993). Determination of the aerobic benefit of selected physical education activities. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 64, 223-226.

  4. A SEASON OF BASKETBALL PLAYING CONTRIBUTES SLIGHT IMPROVEMENTS TO ATHLETES' FITNESS

    Bolonchuk, W. W., Lukaski, H. C., & Siders, W. A. (1991). The structural, functional, and nutritional adaptation of college basketball players over a season. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 31, 165-172.

  5. SWIMMING AND RUNNING BURN FAT DIFFERENTLY

    Flynn, M. G., Costill, D. L., Kirwan, J. P., Mitchell, J. B., Houmard, J. A., Fink, W. J., Beltz, J. D., & D'Acquisto, L. J. (1990). Fat storage in athletes: Metabolic and hormonal responses to swimming and running. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 11, 433-440.

  6. MEN TOLERATE HIGHER LEVELS OF PAIN THAN WOMEN

    Koltyn, K. F., Focht, B. C., Ancker, J. M., & Pasley, J. (1998). The effect of time of day and gender on pain perception and selected psychobiological responses. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 30.

  7. NON-SPECIALIST RUNNERS CAN IMPROVE RUNNING WITH UPHILL-DOWNHILL TRAINING

    Paradisis, G. P., & Cooke, C. B. (1998). The effects of combined uphill-downhill sprint training on biomechanical variables. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1467.

  8. GENERAL TRAINING PROGRAMS IMPROVE PERFORMANCE IN UNTRAINED YOUNG PEOPLE

    Dean, W. P., Nishihara, M., Romer, J., Murphy, K. S., & Mannix, E. T. (1998). Efficacy of a 4-week supervised training program in improving components of athletic performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 12, 238-242.

  9. MODERATE INCREASE IN OVERLOAD NOT SUFFICIENT TO INDUCE OVERTRAINING

    Billat, V. L., Flechet, B., Petit, B., Muriaux, G., & Koralsztein, J-P., (1999). Interval training at VO2max: Effects on aerobic performance and overtraining markers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31, 156-163.

  10. INCREASE HIGH-INTENSITY VOLUME FOR ATHLETES WHO ARE NOT IMPROVING

    Gaskill, W. E., Serfass, R. C., Bacharach, D. W., & Kelly, J. M. (1999). Responses to training in cross-country skiers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31, 1211-1217.

  11. STROKE TRAINING SHOULD BE EMPHASIZED OVER EVENT-DISTANCE TRAINING

    Stewart, A. M., & Hopkins, W. G. (2000). Consistency of swimming performance within and between competitions. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32, 997-1001.

  12. INTERMITTENT TRAINING SUSTAINS GREATER WORK VOLUMES THAN CONTINUOUS TRAINING

    Billat, V. L., Bocquet, V., Slawinski, J., Demarle, A., Lafitte, L., Chassaing, P, & Koralsztein, J. P. (1999). Intermittent running at vVO2max allows to sustain a longer time at VO2max that severe continuous submaximal run. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 275.

  13. CRITICAL VELOCITY TRAINING IS MORE INTENSE THAN STEADY-STATE TRAINING

    Lin, J. C., & Wang, S. C. (1999). The physiological responses of running at critical velocity for distance runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 371.

  14. TWO-A-DAY TRAINING SCHEDULES PRODUCE CONSISTENT TRAINING

    Arnett, M. G. (2000). The effect of a morning and afternoon practice schedule on morning and afternoon swim performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 1693.

  15. SWIMMING MUSCLE POWER MODERATELY RELATED TO 50-m SPRINT SPEED

    Hawley, J. A., Williams, M. M., Vickovic, M. M., & Handcock, P. J. (1992). Muscle power predicts freestyle swimming performance. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 26, 151-155.

  16. AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC TECHNIQUES ARE DIFFERENT

    Wakayoshi, K., D'Acquisto, J. D., Cappaert, J. M., & Troup, J. P. (1996). Relationship between metabolic parameters and stroking technique characteristics in front crawl. In J. P. Troup, A. P. Hollander, D. Strasse, S. W. Trappe, J. M. Cappaert, & T. A. Trappe (Eds.), Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming VII (pp. 152-158). London: E & FN Spon.

  17. MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY IS NEEDED TO PERFORM SUCCESSFULLY IN TRIATHLONS

    Dengel, D. R., Flynn, M. G., Costill, D. L., & Kirwan, J. P. (1989). Determinants of success during triathlon competitions. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 60, 234-238.

  18. PHYSICAL CAPACITIES DIFFER BETWEEN POSITIONS PLAYED IN SOCCER

    Azhar, M. H., & Schmidt, G. J. (1998). Aerobic and anaerobic performance of midfield and non-midfield competitive soccer players. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 188.

  19. STRENGTH TRAINING REDUCES STRENGTH PERFORMANCES RAPIDLY

    Chen, T. C. (1998). The effects of repeated maximal isokinetic eccentric exercise on total work and isometric force. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 622.

  20. UPPER BODY WORK IN KAYAKERS ELICITS HIGH VO2max

    McKenzie, D. C., Redman, G. M., & Jespersen, D. K. (1998). Kayak versus treadmill VO2max in trained flatwater paddlers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 211.

  21. STEADY-STATE EXERCISING USES A VARIETY OF MOVEMENT PATTERNS

    Arnos, P. M., Mylona, E., Anning, J. H., Armstrong, C., & Andres, F. F. (1999). Muscle activation patterns during total-body steady-state exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 870.

  22. PHYSIOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENTS SHOULD NOT BE EXPECTED DURING THE COMPETITIVE PHASE

    Mero, A., Rusko, H., Peltola, E. Pullinen, T., Nummela, A., & Hirvonen, J. (1993). Aerobic characteristics, oxygen debt and blood lactate in speed endurance athletes during training. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 33, 130-136.

  23. HEART RATE AND RPE ARE CONSISTENT INDICATIONS OF TRAINING INTENSITY

    Foster, C., Fitzgerald, D. J., & Spatz, P. (1999). Stability of the blood lactate-heart rate relationship in competitive athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31, 578-582.

  24. TRANSITIONS IN TRIATHLONS NEED TO BE PRACTICED

    Hue, O., Le Gallais, D., Boussana, A., Chollet, D., Prefaut, C. (1999). Ventilatory responses during experimental cycle-run transition in triathletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31, 1422-1428.

  25. INDIVIDUALIZED TRAINING IN TEAM SPORTS PRODUCES SPECIFIC FITNESS IMPROVEMENTS

    Di Salvo, V., & Pigozzi, F. (1998). Physical training of football players based on their positional roles in the team. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 38, 294-297.

  26. SIMULATED ALTITUDE TRAINING IMPROVES BOTH AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC CYCLING PERFORMANCES

    Meeuwsen, T., Hendriksen, I. J., & Holewijn, M. (1999). Sea-level performance is enhanced by acute intermittent hypobaric hypoxia. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 787.

  27. RUNNING ECONOMY MOST RELATED TO RACING PERFORMANCES

    Northius, M. E., Leon, A. S., Serfass, R. C., Walker, A. J., Crow, R. S., & Jacobs, D. R. (1999). High responders vs. low responders in cross country running training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 1387.

  28. SWIMMING USES MORE CARBOHYDRATE FOR ENERGY THAN RUNNING

    Flynn, M. G., Costill, D. L., Kirwan, J. P., Mitchell, J. B., Houmard, J. A., Fink, W. J., Beltz, J. D., & D'Acquisto, L. J. (1990). Fat storage in athletes: Metabolic and hormonal responses to swimming and running. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 11, 433-440.

  29. MAXIMAL TESTING VALUES DO NOT CHANGE IN A SEASON IN CYCLISTS

    Abraham, A., & Rombach, S. E. (1998). Training responses of selected physiological parameters in competitive male cyclists. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 609.

  30. BLOOD LACTATE BETTER FOR PREDICTING SWIMMING VELOCITY THAN STROKE LENGTH

    Keskinen, K. L., & Keskinen, O. P. (1998). Determination of training loads from stroking performance in front crawl swimming. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 328.

  31. SELF-REPORTS OF EXERCISE EFFECTS ARE UNRELIABLE

    Pothakos, K., & Kubitz, K. A. (1998). Effects of aerobic exercise and fitness on brain and self-reported activation. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 663.

  32. ADULT EQUATIONS THAT ESTIMATE VO2 ARE INAPPROPRIATE FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

    Walker, J. L., Neal, M. A., Murray, T. d., & Jackson, A. S. (1998). The effect of age on the energy cost of walking and running in children. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 319.

  33. BLOOD AND HORMONAL FACTORS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH ELITE FEMALE TRAINING RESPONSES

    VanHeest, J. L., & Ratliff, K. (1998). Hematological and hormonal changes in elite female swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 986.

  34. REACTION TIME A USELESS MEASURE FOR ATHLETES

    Almuzaini, K. S., Al-Hazzaa, H. M., Alablood, S. A., Sulaiman, M. A., & Dafterdar, M. Y. (1998). Relationship between reaction time and anaerobic power in different sports. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1461.

  35. PLYOMETRICS NOT USEFUL FOR FEMALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS

    Messner, B., Guyer, S., Holder, J., & Skelton, M. (1999). Effect of plyometric training on strength, vertical jump, flexibility, and range of motion in volleyball players. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 1386.

  36. RESISTANCE TRAINING CAN BE UNDERTAKEN CONCURRENTLY WITH RUNNING TRAINING

    Nicholson, R. M., & Sleivert, G. G. (1999). Impact of concurrent resistance and endurance training upon distance running performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 1559.

  37. PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAINING PRINCIPLES ARE OFTEN INACCURATE

    Noakes, T. D. (2000). Physiological models to understand exercise fatigue and the adaptations that predict or enhance athletic performance. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 10, 123-145.

  38. PRESEASON TRAINING REDUCES RISK OF INJURIES IN SOCCER

    Heidt, R. S., Sweeterman, L. M., Carlonas, R. L., Traub, J. A., & Tekulve, F. X. (2000). Avoidance of soccer injuries with preseason conditioning. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 28, 659-662.

  39. HIGH FREQUENCY FLEXIBILITY EXERCISES REDUCE INJURIES

    Hartig, D. E., & Henderson, J. M. (1999). Increasing hamstring flexibility decreases lower extremity overuse injuries in military basic trainees. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 27, 173-176.

  40. SHOULDERS CAN BE TOO FLEXIBLE

    McMaster, W. C., Roberts, A., & Stoddard, T. (1998). A correlation between shoulder laxity and interfering pain in competitive swimmers. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 26, 83-85.

    SPRINT TRAINING

  41. TOP ROWERS CAN ONLY HANDLE 2-3 WEEKS OF INTENSIFIED TRAINING

    Steinacker, J. M., Lormes, W., Lehmann, M., & Altenburg, D. (1998). Training of rowers before world championships. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30, 1158-1163.

  42. EXTRA EFFORT AT HIGH SWIMMING VELOCITIES WILL YIELD LITTLE TO NO PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENTS

    Capelli, C., Pendergast, D.R., & Termin, B. (1998). Energetics of swimming at maximal speeds in humans. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 78, 385-393.

  43. THE HARDER A SWIMMER TRAINS, THE SLOWER WILL BE SPRINTING

    Fitts, R. H., Costill, D. L., & Gardetto, P. R. (1989). Effect of swim exercise training on human muscle fiber function. Journal of Applied Physiology, 66, 465-475.

  44. TRAINING VOLUME, NOT TYPE, IS ASSOCIATED MOST WITH SPRINT PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENTS

    Reid, A. K., & Sleivert, G. G. (1999). The effects of concurrent aerobic and anaerobic training versus sequenced training on 80 s cycling. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 789.

  45. ANAEROBIC TRAINING PRODUCES QUICKER CHANGES THAN AEROBIC TRAINING

    Villani, A. J., Fernhall, B., & Miller, W. C. (1999). Effects of aerobic and anaerobic training to exhaustion on VO2max and exercise performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 1093.

  46. HIGH-REPETITION STRENGTH AND SPRINT TRAINING INCREASES MUSCULAR ENDURANCE BUT NOT SPEED

    Newberry, J. E., & Flowers, L. (1999). Effectiveness of combining sprint and high-repetition squat resistance training in anaerobic conditioning. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 1384.

  47. TRAIN FAST TO RUN FAST

    Smith, T. P., McNaughton, L. R., & Coombes, J. S. (1999). Effects of a 4-week interval training program using vVO2max and Tmax on performance in middle distance athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 1391.

  48. ANAEROBIC INTERVAL TRAINING IS NOT THAT WELL UNDERSTOOD OR DEFINED

    Billat, L. V. (2001). Interval training for performance: A scientific and empirical practice. Special recommendations for middle- and long-distance running. Part II: Anaerobic interval training. Sports Medicine, 31, 75-90.

  49. WINGATE TEST PREDICTS SPRINT ABILITY IN YOUNG BOYS

    Alumuzaini, K. S., Alghamdi, A., Suliman, M., & Dafterdar, M. (1999). Optimizing peak and mean power does not make the Wingate test a better predictor of sprint ability. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 224.

  50. STRENGTH IS NOT RELATED TO POWER IN RESISTANCE TRAINED ATHLETES

    Caterisano, A., Brown, C. W., Thurmond, L. P., Perkins, D. R., Linn, K. B., & Shortridge, E. A. (1999). The relationship between lower body strength and power in resistance trained athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 225.

  51. STRENGTH AND TOTAL WORK CAPACITY ARE NOT RELATED TO SPRINTING

    Neves, A. P., Barros, J., & Ribeiro, V. (1999). Correlation between strength and power and short sprint performance on soccer players. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 230.

  52. AEROBIC CAPACITY NOT THAT IMPORTANT FOR SPRINTING PERFORMANCE IN SOCCER AND FIELD HOCKEY

    Aziz, A. R., Chia, M., & Teh, K. C. (2000). The relationship between maximal oxygen uptake and repeated sprint performance indices in field hockey and soccer players. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 40, 195-200.

  53. FACTORS AFFECTING SPRINT SWIMMING DIFFER BETWEEN GENDERS

    Simmons, S. E., Tanner, D. A., & Stager, J. M. (2000). Different determinants of sprint swim performance in male and female competitive swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 1692.

    ENDURANCE TRAINING

  54. THREE MONTHS IS ABOUT ALL THAT IS NEEDED TO ESTABLISH AEROBIC ADAPTATION IN SWIMMERS

    Bonifazi, M., Bela, E., Lupo, C., Martelli, G., Zhu, B., & Carli, G. (1998). Influence of training on the response to exercise of adrenocorticotropin and growth hormone plasma concentrations in human swimmers. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 78, 394-397.

  55. REPETITIONS MAY BE CONSTANT BUT THEY INCREASINGLY DEMAND MORE AEROBIC ENERGY

    Smith, J. C., Kjeisers, N. L., Kanteebeen, M., Williams, C. S., Hughes, J. E., & Hill, D. W. (1998). Metabolic responses during repeated bouts of cycle ergometer exercise at critical power. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 212.

  56. FEMALE DISTANCE RUNNERS ARE NEGATIVELY AFFECTED BY SUDDEN INCREASES IN WORKLOAD

    Sims, S. T., Brewer, B., Berger, J., & Headley, S. A. (1998). Metabolic and psychological responses of women endurance runners to high volume training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1565.

  57. ENDURANCE GAINS COME FROM IMPROVEMENTS IN EFFICIENCY OF FIBER USE

    Horowitz, J. F., Sidossis, L. S., & Coyle, E. F. (1994). High efficiency of type I muscle fibers improves performance. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 15, 152-157.

  58. SAND RUNNING IS AS GOOD AS ROAD RUNNING IN THE SHORT TERM IN ACTIVE YOUNG PEOPLE

    Yigit, S. S., & Tuncel, F. (1998). A comparison of the endurance training responses to road and sand running in high school and college students. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 12(2), 79-81.

  59. HIGH LACTATE LEVELS AT TRAINING COMPROMISE AEROBIC PERFORMANCE

    Simoes, H. G., Campbell, C. S., & Kokubun, E. (1998). High and low lactic acidosis training: Effects upon aerobic and anaerobic performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 932.

  60. WHEN ANAEROBIC TRAINING PRECEDES AEROBIC TRAINING

    Moore, S., Allen, R., Gallop, A., & Padfield, J. A. (1998). Effects of prior weight training exercise on fuel utilization during aerobic training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1138.

  61. AEROBIC FACTORS ARE LOST AND GAINED OVER THE SAME SHORT-TIME PERIOD

    Nagelkirk, P. R., Cummings, D. M., Goldfuss, A. J., & Davis, S. E. (1998). The effects of detraining, retraining on cardiorespiratory responses after six weeks of high-intensity cycling. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1374.

  62. IN ENDURANCE RACES, STEADY-STATE PACING IS BEST

    Palmer, G. S., Noakes, T. D., & Hawley, J. A. (1997). Effects of steady-state versus stochastic exercise on subsequent cycling performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29, 684-687.

  63. AEROBIC WORK IS BETTER IN THE AFTERNOON THAN MORNING

    Hill, D. W. (1996). Effect of time of day on aerobic power in exhaustive high-intensity exercise. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 36, 155-160.

  64. INSPIRATORY MUSCLE TRAINING IS USELESS FOR ENDURANCE PERFORMANCE

    Hanel, B., & Secher, N. H. (1991). Maximal oxygen uptake and work capacity after inspiratory muscle training: A controlled study. Journal of Sports Sciences, 9, 43-52.

  65. INSPIRATORY MUSCLE TRAINING IMPROVES ROWING PERFORMANCE IN WOMEN

    Volianitis, S., McConnell, A. K., Koutedakis, Y., McNaughton, L., Backx, K., & Jones, D. A. (2001). Inspiratory muscle training improves rowing performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33, 803-809.

  66. RESPIRATORY TRAINING IMPROVES RESPIRATORY FUNCTION BUT NOT AEROBIC CAPACITY

    Inbar, O., Weiner, P., Azgad, Y., Rotstein, A., & Weinstein, Y. (2000). Specific inspiratory muscle training in trained endurance athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32, 1233-1237.

  67. WOMEN NEED TO PACE DISTANCE EVENTS BETTER THAN MEN

    Dutto, D., & Smith,G. A. (1999). Speed skating temporal characteristics from the 1998 Winter Olympic Games and world championships. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 617.

  68. ENDURANCE-TRAINED ATHLETES HAVE HIGHER BLOOD VOLUMES AND ENHANCED DIASTOLIC FILLING OF THE HEART

    Krip, B., Gledhill, N., Jamnik, V., & Warburton, D. (1997). Effect of alterations in blood volume on cardiac function during maximal exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29, 1469-1476.

  69. MALES AND FEMALES IMPROVE AT THE SAME RATE IN DISTANCE RUNNING

    Sparting, P. B., O'Donnell, E. M., & Snow, T. K. (1999). The sex difference in distance running has plateaued: An analysis of world rankings. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1562.

  70. MIXED AND SEPARATE STRENGTH AND ENDURANCE TRAINING HAVE SIMILAR EFFECTS WHEN THE TRAINING VOLUME IS LOW

    Sale, D. G., Jacobs, I., MacDougall, J. D., & Garner, S. (1990). Comparison of two regimens of concurrent strength and endurance training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 22, 348-356.

  71. Vmax AND Tmax INTENSITIES PRESCRIBE GOOD TRAINING STIMULI FOR ENDURANCE ADAPTATION

    Smith, T. P., McNaughton, L. R., & Marshall, K. J. (1999). Effects of 4-wk training using Vmax/Tmax on VO2max and performance in athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31, 892-896.

  72. AEROBIC TESTS PREDICT AEROBIC PERFORMANCE BETTER THAN POWER TESTS

    Staib, J. L., Im, J., & Rundell, K. W. (1999). Comparison between short-term upper body power and double-pole peak VO2 in cross-country skiers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 337.

  73. ONE MONTH OF DETRAINING CAUSES SIGNIFICANT AEROBIC DECLINE

    Frederiks, J., Swenne, C. A., Bruschke, A. V., Van Der Velde, E. T., Maan, A. C., Tenvoorde, B. J., Vanrooijen, M G., Mosterd, W. L., & Schiereck, P. (2000). Correlated neurocardiologic fitness changes in athletes interrupting training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32, 571-575.

  74. A SINGLE HYPERBARIC TREATMENT DOES NOT ALTER AEROBIC PERFORMANCE

    Montgomery, D. L., McGavock, J. M., Lecomte, J. M., Lacroix, V. J., Delaney, J. S., & Gagne, C. J-M. (1999). The effect of hyperbaric oxygen on aerobic performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 2066.

    ULTRA-SHORT TRAINING

  75. ULTRA-SHORT INTERVAL TRAINING THE BEST FORM OF COMPETITION-SPECIFIC AEROBIC ADAPTATION AND NEUROMUSCULAR PATTERNING

    Rushall, B. S. (1999). Programming considerations for physical conditioning (page 2.3). Spring Valley, CA: Sports Science Associates .

  76. AN EVALUATION OF THE BENEFITS OF ULTRA-SHORT WORK INTERVALS

    Astrand, I., Astrand, P-O., Christensen, E. H., & Hedman, R. (1960). Intermittent muscular work. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 48, 448-453.

  77. ULTRA-SHORT TRAINING DEVELOPS THE AEROBIC COMPONENT OF HIGH-INTENSITY WORK

    Christensen, E. H., Hedman, R., & Saltin, B. (1960). Intermittent and continuous running. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 50, 269-286.

  78. ULTRA-SHORT TRAINING, NOT LACTATE TOLERANCE TRAINING, IS THE BEST FORM OF WORK FOR HIGH EFFORT TRAINING

    Christensen, E. H. (1962). Speed of work. Ergonomics, 5, 7-13.

    WARM-UP

  79. INTERVAL WARM-UPS BEST FOR ASTHMATICS

    Carthy, M. L., Riner, W. F., Pate, R. R., Ward, D. S. Cook, D. L., & DeCillis, L. V. (1998). Protective effects of warm-up protocols in children with exercise-induced asthma. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 872.

  80. STRENGTH SHOES DO NOT BENEFIT PERFORMANCE IF USED DURING WARM-UPS

    Sands, W. A., McNeal, J. R., Henderson, H. L., & Poole, R. C. (1999). Performance enhancement via warm-up with the strength shoe in women's track and field. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 374.

  81. AEROBIC WARM-UPS SLOW AEROBIC TASK RESPONSIVENESS IN CYCLISTS

    Navalta, J. W., Young, J. C., & Tandy, R. D. (1999). VO2 transitional response to a crossover from priming exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 407.

  82. SPRINT PERFORMANCE IMPAIRED BY TOO MUCH/INTENSE WARM-UP

    Bishop, D., Bonetti, D., & Dawson, B. (2001). The effect of three different warm-up intensities on kayak ergometer performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33, 1026-1032.

    RECOVERY

  83. AEROBIC TRAINING IMPROVES RECOVERY FROM ANAEROBIC WORK

    Cannon, E. W., Rhodes, E. C., Martin, A. D., & Coutts, K. D. (1998). Aerobic training and recovery VO2 kinetics after supramaximal exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1130.

  84. RECOVERING TRAINED STATES TAKES MUCH LONGER THAN LOSING THEM

    Hsu, K. M., & Hsu, T. G. (1999). The effects of detraining and retraining on swimming propulsive force and blood lactate. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 1400.

  85. STRENGTH GAINS ARE "REMEMBERED" IN A PERIOD OF DETRAINING

    Ohmori, H., Shimegi, S., Fujimoto, K., Kano, Y., Inaki, M., Miyamaru, M., & Katsuta, S. (1999). The effect of strength training is potentially memorized and reinforced by retraining. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 1642.

  86. RECOVERY IS SLOW AFTER ENDURANCE COMPETITIONS

    Calbet, J. A., Chavarren, J., & Dorado, C. (2001). Running economy and delayed onset muscle soreness. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 41, 18-26.

    TAPER

  87. THERE IS MORE TO AN EFFECTIVE TAPER THAN PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RECOVERY

    Hooper, S. L., Mackinnon, L. T., & Ginn, E. M. (1998). Effects of three tapering techniques on the performance, forces and psychometric measures of competitive swimmers. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 78, 258-263.

  88. TYPE II FIBERS (POWER) ARE MOST AFFECTED BY A TAPER

    Trappe, S., Costill, D., Lee, G., & Thomas, R. (1998). Effect of swim taper on human single muscle fiber contractile properties. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 220.

  89. A TWO-WEEK TAPER IS BEST FOR FEMALE SWIMMERS

    Kenitzer, R. F. (1998). Optimal taper period in female swimmers based on blood lactate concentrations and performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 611.

  90. TAPER SHOULD BE LOW VOLUME

    Banister, E. W., Carter, J. B., & Zarkadas, P. C. (1999). Training theory and taper: Validation in triathlon athletes. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 79, 182-191.

  91. TAPER DOES NOT CHANGE MEASURES OF TRAINING ADAPTATION

    Rinehardt, K., Axtell, R., Fontana, C., Breault, R., Genthe, J., & Garay, R. (2000). Effect of taper training in collegiate swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 975.

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