FUEL AND ERGOGENIC AIDS 6.2 - GENERAL

This third issue of Volume 17 of Coaching Science Abstracts reviews articles concerned with fuel and ergogenic aids. Previous articles on these topics are contained in Volume 2(3), Volume 5(3), Volume 8(3), Volume 11(3), and Volume 14(3). This issue is divided into the subsections of general dietary implications, carbohydrates, caffeine, and other substances.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

GENERAL DIETARY IMPLICATIONS

1. ENDURANCE ATHLETES MOSTLY CONSUME ADEQUATE AMOUNTS OF SUPPLEMENTAL NUTRIENTS

   Helle, C., Bjerkan, K., Halvor, T., Holm, A., & Trygg, K U. (2008). Micronutrient intake among national team endurance athletes - Nutritional consequences of extended dietary supplement use. ACSM 55th Annual Meeting Indianapolis. Presentation number 1951.

2. WOMEN BURN MORE FAT IN EXERCISE THAN MEN

   Buzzachera, C. F., Elsangedy, H. M. Colombo, H., Krinski, K., Santos, B. V., Campos, W., Baldari, C., Guidetti, L., DaSilva, S. G., & Goss, F. L. (2009). Impact of gender on substrate utilization during treadmill walking at a self-selected pace. ACSM 56th Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington. Presentation number 1452.

3. NCAA III FEMALE SWIMMERS ARE DEFICIENT IN DIETARY PRACTICES

   Holmes, K., Quale, L., Brand, L., Sparby, W., & Blegen, M. (2009). Pre-season nutritional status of NCAA Division III female swimmers. ACSM 56th Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington. Presentation number 2405.

4. TRIATHLETES ARE AVID USERS OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS

   Talbott, S., M., & Talbott, J. A. (2009). Dietary supplement use among endurance athletes. ACSM 56th Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington. Presentation number 2590.

5. MORE INTENSE TRAINING PRODUCES BETTER CARBOHYDRATE AND FAT UTILIZATION

   Usaj, A., Lojen, S., Kandare, F., & von Duvillard, S. P. (2009). The influence of two types of endurance training on carbohydrate and fat oxidation rates. ACSM 56th Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington. Presentation number 981.

6. NUTRITION EDUCATION ALONE DOES NOT ALTER NUTRITION BEHAVIOR

   Karabudak, E., & Kayali, F. (2009). The effect of nutrition education intervention on dietary intake and nutritional knowledge in adolescent athletes. A paper presented at the 14th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway, June 24-27.

7. ADOLESCENT SPRINT ATHLETES GROW NORMALLY WITH ADEQUATE PROTEIN INTAKE

   Aerenhouts, D., Poortmans, J. R., Deriemaeker, P., Hebbelinck, M., & Clarys, P. (2010). Protein needs in adolescent sprint athletes: a longitudinal study. Presentation 795 at the 2010 Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; June 2-5.
   CARBOHYDRATES

8. ENERGY DRINKS ALTER RESTING ENERGY DYNAMICS

   Dalbo, V. J., Roberts, M. D., Stout, J. R., & Kersick, C. M. (2008). Effects of a commercial energy drink on acute changes in energy expenditure and lipolysis. ACSM 55th Annual Meeting Indianapolis. Presentation number 2194.

9. COGNITIVE FUNCTION IS WORSE WHEN EXERCISING IN THE HEAT

   Bailey, S. P., Fredde, C., Sonnycalb, A., & Szabo, M. (2008). Effects of carbohydrate supplementation on changes in cognitive function during prolonged exercise in the heat. ACSM 55th Annual Meeting Indianapolis. Presentation number 2422.

10. PRE-EXERCISE CARBOHYDRATE BAR DOES NOT AFFECT PERFORMANCE

    Kerr, K. L., Bishop, P., Pritchett, R., Kovacs, M., Davis, J. K., Casaru, C., & Green, M. (2008). Effects of pre-exercise nutrient timing on glucose responses and intermittent exercise performance. ACSM 55th Annual Meeting Indianapolis. Presentation number 849.

11. CARBOHYDRATE SUPPLEMENTATION ELEVATES BLOOD GLUCOSE BUT NOT PERFORMANCE

    Guth, L. M., Hanna, L. E., Lee, J. D., & Mahon, A. D. (2008). The effects of carbohydrate supplementation on fatigue during intermittent cycling. ACSM 55th Annual Meeting Indianapolis. Presentation number 850.

12. GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE IS BETTER THAN GLUCOSE-ONLY AS AN EXERCISE SUPPLEMENT

    Triplett, D., Doyle, A., Rupp, J. C., & Brenadot, D. (2008). A glucose-fructose beverage improves 100-km cycling performance compared to a glucose-only carbohydrate beverage. ACSM 55th Annual Meeting Indianapolis. Presentation number 851.

13. HIGH AND LOW CARBOHYDRATE DIETS HAVE THE SAME EFFECT ON DUATHLON PERFORMANCE

    Moncanda-Jimenez, J., Plaisance, E. P., Mestek, M. L., Ratcliff, L., Araya-Ramirez, F., Taylor, J. K., Grandjean, P. W., & Aragon Vargas, L. F. (20008). Short-term changes in dietary nutrient composition fail to modify duathlon performance. ACSM 55th Annual Meeting Indianapolis. Presentation number 852.

14. VOLLEYBALL PERFORMANCE NOT CHANGED WITH CARBOHYDRATE SUPPLEMENTATION

    Odland, L. M., Alsum A., Spontelli, J., & Schmidt, R. J. (2008). Effect of carbohydrate supplementation on physical, skilled and cognitive performance during a simulated volleyball protocol. ACSM 55th Annual Meeting Indianapolis. Presentation number 854.

15. CARBOHYDRATE SUPPLEMENTATION DOES NOT ALTER THE BLOOD LACTATE-RPE RELATIONSHIP

    Steiner, J., Curmaci, A., Patrie, J., Gaesser, B., & Weltman, A. (2009). Effects of carbohydrate supplementation on the rating of perceived exertion-blood lactate relationship. ACSM 56th Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington. Presentation number 1454.

16. MALTODEXTRIN ENHANCES PERFORMANCE BY INCREASING THE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL

    Osiecki, R., Malfatti, C. R., de Laat, E. F., Soler, L. T., Bronkhorst, I. W., Hlatiki, A. K., & Juruena, G. S. (2009). Maltodextrin supplementation enhanced performance in elite athletes of mountain biking during competition. ACSM 56th Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington. Presentation number 1455.

17. GEL AND DRINK CARBOHYDRATE SUPPLEMENTS ACT SIMILARLY

    Jeukendrup, A. E., Pfeiffer, B., Stellingwerff, T., & Zaltas, E. (2009). Carbohydrate oxidation from a carbohydrate gel compared to a drink during exercise. ACSM 56th Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington. Presentation number 1456.

18. CARBOHDRATE MOUTH RINSE IMPROVES RUNNING SPEED

    Rollo, I., Cole, M., Miller, R., & Williams, C. (2009). Influence of mouth-rinsing a carbohydrate solution on 1 hour running performance. ACSM 56th Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington. Presentation number 1463.

19. LOW GLYCEMIC INDEX FOODS ARE PREFERABLE AS PRE-PERFORMANCE MEALS

    Moore, L. J., Midgley, A. W., Thomas, G. J., Keatley, S., McNaughton, L. R., & Siegler, J. (2009). Effect of the glycemic index of a pre-exercise meal on metabolism and cycling time trial performance. ACSM 56th Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington. Presentation number 1464.

20. CARBOHYDRATE-PROTEIN AND CARBOHYDRATE DRINKS EMPTY AT SIMILAR RATES

    Seifert, J. G., Schapman, J., Little, T. J., Robins, A., Thompson, D. G., & Portman, R. (2009). Gastric emptying characteristics of carbohydrate/protein and carbohydrate only sports drinks during moderate intensity exercise. ACSM 56th Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington. Presentation number 1977.

21. CARBOHYDRATE INGESTION STALLS FATIGUE EFFECTS AND IMPROVES MAXIMAL FORCE PRODUCTION

    Gant, N., Stinear, C. M., & Byblow, W. D. (209). Effects of carbohydrate ingestion on central fatigue. ACSM 56th Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington. Presentation number 2296.

22. CARBOHYDRATE INGESTION AFFECTS SWIMMING PERFORMANCES

    Reilly, T., & Woodbridge, V. (1999). Effects of moderate dietary manipulations on swim performance and on blood lactate-swimming velocity curves. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 20, 93-97.

23. IMPROVEMENT IN EXOGENOUS CARBOHYDRATE OXIDATION IS NOT ACCOMPANIED BY ANY IMPROVEMENT IN PERFORMANCE

    Tarpey, M. D., Roberts, J. D., Kass, L., & Tarpey, R. J. (June 2, 2010). Ingestion of maltodextrin, fructose, and protein during exercise: Influence on exogenous carbohydrate oxidation and performance. Presentation 1575 at the 2010 Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; June 2-5.

24. CARBOHYDRATE INGESTION DOES ENHANCE ENDURANCE PERFORMANCE

    Temesi, J., Johnson, N., Raymond, J., & O'Connor, H. (June 2, 2010). Performance benefit of carbohydrate ingestion during endurance exercise – A systematic review. Presentation 1584 at the 2010 Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; June 2-5.

25. WHEY PROTEIN AND CARBOHYDRATES PRODUCE "BETTER" BLOOD FACTORS BUT DO NOT TRANSLATE INTO OBVIOUS PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENTS

    Morifuji, M., Aoyama, T., Nakata, A., Sambongi, C., Koga, J., Kurihara, K., Kanegae, M., Suzuki, K., & Higuchi, M. (2009). Effect of co-ingestion of carbohydrate and whey protein hydrolysates on exercise performance and blood biochemical parameters of carbohydrate metabolism in male athletes. A paper presented at the 14th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway, June 24-27.

26. PROTEINS AND CARBOHYDRATE ARE ESSENTIAL FOR CHANGING MUSCLE MASS

    Tipton, K. (2009). Nutritional strategies to increase muscle mass and function in athletes. A paper presented at the 14th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway, June 24-27.

27. ENDURANCE TRAINING IN A FASTED STATE IS MORE EFFECTIVE THAN WHEN TRAINING IN A CARBOHYDRATE LOADED STATE

    Proeyen, K. V., Deldique, L., Nielens, H., Szlufcik, K., & Hespel, P. (2010). Effects of training in the fasted state in conjunction with fat-rich diet on muscle metabolism. Presentation 721 at the 2010 Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; June 2-5.

28. IN-PERFORMANCE CARBOHYDRATE INGESTION OF 60-80 GRAMS PER HOUR IS BEST

    Smith, J. E., Zachwieja, J. J., Horswill, C. A., Pascoe, D. D., Passe, D., Ruby, B. C., & Stewart, L. K. (2010). Evidence of a carbohydrate dose and prolonged exercise performance relationship. Presentation 855 at the 2010 Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; June 2-5.

29. CARBOHYDRATE INGESTION DOES NOT ALTER VARIABLE-INTENSITY PERFORMANCE IN BOYS OR MEN

    Guth, L. M., Craft, K. A., & Mahon, A. D. (2010). Effects of carbohydrate supplementation on variable-intensity exercise responses in boys and men. Presentation 856 at the 2010 Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; June 2-5.

30. MALTODEXTRIN + FRUCTOSE IMPROVES CHO AVAILABILITY

    Roberts, J. D., Tarpey, M. D., Kass, L., Tarpey, R. J., & Roberts, M. G. (2010). The influence of fructose ingestion on exogenous carbohydrate oxidation, fluid availability and exercise performance. Presentation 857 at the 2010 Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; June 2-5.

31. GLUCOSE AND GALACTOSE PROVOKE CARBOHYDRATE UTILIZATION AT DIFFERENT TIMES IN EXTENDED EXERCISE

    O'Hara, J. P., King, R. F., Carroll, S., & Cooke, C. B. (2010). The effects of pre-exercise galactose and glucose ingestion on fuel utilization during exercise using 13c-labeling. Presentation 858 at the 2010 Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; June 2-5.
    CAFFEINE

32. ENERGY-DRINK EFFECTS ON STRENGTH ARE NOT ENHANCED BY CAFFEINE IN UNTRAINED SUBJECTS

    Burton, N. B., Hardy, M. A., Glaser, r. H., Honeycutt, A. H., Hubier, M. B., Ready, C. M., & Warren, G. L. (2009). Effects of caffeinated and uncaffeinated energy drinks on muscular strength and endurance. ACSM 56th Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington. Presentation number 1901.
    OTHER SUBSTANCES

33. SODIUM SUPPLEMENTATION MAINTAINS SERUM-Na IN EXTENDED EXERCISE

    Pahnke, M. D., Trinity, J. D., Trombold, J. R., & Coyle, E. F. (2208). Sodium supplementation maintains serum sodium concentration and improves cognitive function in endurance athletes during exercise. ACSM 55th Annual Meeting Indianapolis. Presentation number 887.

34. ELECTROLYTES ARE THE PRIMARY DRIVER FOR FLUID RETENTION

    Osterberg, K. L., Horswill, C. A., Pallardy, S. E., & Murray, R. (2008). Carbohydrate exerts a mild influence but electrolytes are the primary driver of fluid retention following exercise-induced dehydration. ACSM 55th Annual Meeting Indianapolis. Presentation number 888.

35. OXYGENTATED WATER DOES NOT IMPROVE PERFORMANCE OR RECOVERY

    Drum, S. N., & Buchanan, C. A. (2009). No change in muscular endurance, flexibility, anaerobic power, and recovery after ingesting oxygen enhanced water. ACSM 56th Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington. Presentation number 1850.

36. ELECTROLYTES ADDED TO WATER INTAKE IMPROVE CYCLING PERFORMANCE

    Luetkemeier, M. J., & Stofan, J. R. (2009). Effects of electrolytes in drinks ingested before and during cycling time trials. ACSM 56th Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington. Presentation number 2104.

37. PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTATION DOES NOT IMPROVE STRENGTH, POWER, OR BODY COMPOSITION

    Hoffman, J. R., Ratamess, N. A., Tranchina, C. P., Rashti, S. L., Kang, J., & Faigenbaum, A. D. (2009). Effect of protein supplement timing on strength, power and body compositional changes in resistance-trained men. ACSM 56th Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington. Presentation number 2310.

38. BRANCHED CHAIN AMINO ACID SUPPLEMENTATION DOES NO AFFECT RESISTANCE EXERCISE

    Campbell, B., La Bounty, P. M., Oetken, A., Kreider, R. B., Greenwood, M., & Willoughby, D. S. (2009). The effects of branched chain amino acid supplementation on total lower body workout volume. ACSM 56th Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington. Presentation number 2314.

39. PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTATION NO BETTER THAN NORMAL FOOD CONSUMPTION

    Kirwan, R. D., Kordick, L. K., McFarland, S., Lancaster, D., & Miles, M. P. (2009). Protein in food versus a dietary supplement after strength training in collegiate football athletes. ACSM 56th Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington. Presentation number 2317.

40. LEUCINE DOES NOT IMPROVE RESISTANCE TRAINING PERFORMANCE

    La Bounty, P. M., Campbell, B., Oetken, A., Lutz, R., Kreider, R., Greenwood, M., & Willoughby, D. (2009). The effect of leucine supplementation on total lower-body workout volume. ACSM 56th Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington. Presentation number 2320.

41. MILK-BASED DRINKS ARE PREFERRED AS RECOVERY BEVERAGES

    Lindeman, A. K., Johnston, J. D., Shepherd, C., Stickford, J. L., McCracken, C. M., & Stager, J. M. (2008). Palatability, preference and tolerance of possible recovery beverages following exhaustive exercise. ACSM 55th Annual Meeting Indianapolis. Presentation number 2196.

42. CHOCOLATE MILK IS AN ACCEPTABLE RECOVERY BEVERAGE

    Gilson, S. F., Saunders, M J., Moran, C. W., Corriere, D. F., Moore, R. W., Womack, C. J., & Todd, M. K. (2009).Effects of chocolate milk consumption on markers of muscle recovery during intensified soccer training. ACSM 56th Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington. Presentation number 2934.

43. CHOCOLATE MILK IS AS BENEFICIAL AS A COMMERCIAL PRODUCT AS A RECOVERY AID

    Pritchett, K., Bishop, P., Pritchett, R., Green, M., Katica, C., & Carter, S. (2009). Acute effects of chocolate milk and a commercial recovery beverage on post-exercise on muscle damage and endurance cycling performance. ACSM 56th Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington. Presentation number 2935.

44. FAT-FREE CHOCOLATE MILK IS AN ECONOMICAL NUTRITIONAL ALTERNATIVE TO OTHER SPORTS NUTRITION BEVERAGES

    Lunn, W. R., Colletto, M. R., Karfonta, K. E., Anderson, J. M., Pasiakos, S. M., Ferrando, A. A., Wolfe, R. R., & Rodriguez, N. R. (2010). Chocolate milk consumption following endurance exercise affects skeletal muscle protein fractional synthetic rate and intracellular signaling. Presentation 794 at the 2010 Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; June 2-5.

45. PROTEIN PLUS CARBOHYDRATE (CHOCOLATE MILK) IS A GOOD RECOVERY BEVERAGE

    Karfonta, K., Lunn, W., Colletto, M., Anderson, J., & Rodriguez, N. (2010). Chocolate milk and glycogen replenishment after endurance exercise in moderately trained males. Presentation 862 at the 2010 Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; June 2-5.

46. BETA ALANINE DOES NOT ALTER RESISTANCE PERFORMANCE, LACTATE PRODUCTION, OR BUFFERING CAPACITY

    Sanchez-Llanes, F., & Terrados, N. (2009). The effect of beta alanine supplementation on multiple bench press performance in judoists. ACSM 56th Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington. Presentation number 1127.

47. L-ARGININE IS NOT ENDURANCE-PERFORMANCE ENHANCING

    Bescos, R., Gonzalez-Haro, C., Pujol, P., Drobnic, F., Galilea, P. A., Alonso, E., Santolaria, M. L., & Ruiz, O. (2008). Effect of L-Arginine enriched diet on running economy of elite tennis players. ACSM 55th Annual Meeting Indianapolis. Presentation number 2199.

48. L-ARGININE SUPPLEMENTATION INFLUENCES SPRINT RUNNING PERFORMANCE

    Zacharogiannis, E., Paradisis, G., Kolifa, M., Gerakaki, M., Smirniotou, A., & Rousopoulos, V. (2009). The effect of oral L-arginine supplementation on leg speed, anaerobic capacity, and muscular strength. A paper presented at the 14th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway, June 24-27.

49. ARGININE SUPPLEMENTATION DOES NOT BENEFIT MUSCULAR ENDURANCE

    Greer, B. K., & Jones, B. T. (2008). Effects of Arginine supplementation on muscle endurance and blood pressure responses to resistance training. ACSM 55th Annual Meeting Indianapolis. Presentation number 2200.

50. BETA-HYDROXY-BETA-METHYLBUTYRATE PROVIDES NO ADDED BENEFIT TO A WHEY PROTEIN-CARBOHYDRATE SUPPLEMENTED DIET

    Stahn, A., & Terblanche, E. (2009). Effects of whey protein supplementation with and without Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) on fat free mass and muscle strength after a 12-week resistance training program. A paper presented at the 14th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway, June 24-27.

51. NUCLEOTIDE SUPPLEMENTATION PARTIALLY COUNTERACTS IMMUNE IMPAIRMENT AFTER SEVERE PHYSICAL STRESS

    Casajus, J., Martinex-Puig, D., Sanchez, D., Aguilo, J., Anel, A., Lou, J., & Chetrit, C. (2009). The effects of a nucleotide supplement (inmunactive) on lymphocyte proliferation after intensive exercise. A paper presented at the 14th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway, June 24-27.

52. MAGNESIUM SUPPLEMENTATION IMPROVES ANAEROBIC METABOLISM IN WOMEN

    Smith, R. W., Chen, C-H., & Jang, J-T. (June 2, 2010). High magnesium intake effects on female athlete's metabolism after high intensity exercise. Presentation 1565 at the 2010 Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; June 2-5.

53. REPEATED WINGATE TESTS ARE NOT AFFECTED BY SODIUM BICARBONATE INGESTION OR RECOVERY MODE

    Siegler, J. C., McNaughton, L. R., Hillman, A., & Keatley, S. (2009). Influence of sodium bicarbonate and an active or passive recovery on repeated Wingate performance. ACSM 56th Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington. Presentation number 1128.

54. SODIUM BICARBONATE SUPPLEMENTATION IMPROVES 200-m FREESTYLE TIMES

    Lindh, A. M., Peyrebrune, M. C., Ingham, S. A., Bailey, D. M., & Folland, J. P. (2008). Sodium bicarbonate improves swimming performance. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 29, 519-523.

55. SODIUM BICARBONATE INFUSION INCREASES BLOOD-BUFFERING CAPACITY

    Volianitis, S., Rasmussen, P., Seifert, T., & Secher, N. H. (2009). The effect of bicarbonate infusion on cerebral metabolism during maximal exercise. A paper presented at the 14th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway, June 24-27.

56. BICARBONATE SUPPLEMENTATION IMPROVES HIGH-INTENSITY ENDURANCE

    Zinner, C., Wahl, P., Haegele, M., Behringer, M., Sperlich, B., & Mester, J. (2009). Is bicarbonate a performance enhancing drug? A paper presented at the 14th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway, June 24-27.

57. SODIUM BICARBONATE BEST TAKEN WITH A MEAL

    Carr, A. J., Slater, G. J., Gore, C. J., Dawson, B., & Burke, L. M. (2009). Effect of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on HCO3-, Ph, and gastro-intestinal symptoms. A paper presented at the 14th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway, June 24-27.

58. SODIUM BICARBONATE INGESTION ENHANCES ENDURANCE SWIMMING PERFORMANCE

    Gleadall-Sidall, D. O., Midgley, A. W., & Siegler, J. C. (June 03, 2010). Sodium bicarbonate ingestion and repeated swim sprint performance. Presentation 1923 at the 2010 Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; June 2-5.

59. LOW FAT DIETS HAVE A DOWNSIDE FOR ACTIVE FEMALES

    Tomten, S. E., & Hostmark, A. T. (2009). Is there a minimum requirement for fat intake in athletic nutrition? A paper presented at the 14th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway, June 24-27.

60. IRON STATUS AND CONTROL IS DIFFERENT IN FEMALE ATHLETES WHEN COMPARED TO MALE ATHLETES

    Koehler, K., Braun, H., Achtzehn, S., Predel, H. G., Mester, J., & Schaenzer, W. (2009). Iron status in young elite athletes: Influence of diet, exercise, and gender. A paper presented at the 14th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway, June 24-27.

61. RHODIOLA CRENULATA ENHANCES ALTITUDE ACCLIMATIZATION AND POST-ALTITUDE PERFORMANCE

    Chiu-Chou, C., Lu-Ling, C., Kun-Ning, C., & Chia-Hua, K. (June 03, 2010). Effects of rhodiola crenulata and cordyceps Sinensis based supplementation on endurance performance and physiological stress in altitude trained subjects. Presentation 1936 at the 2010 Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; June 2-5.

62. RHODIOLA ROSEA SUPPLEMENTATION CHANGES EXERCISE-RELATED BLOOD MARKERS

    Duranti, G., Parisi, A., Ciminelli, E., Ceci, R., Cerulli, C., Quaranta, F., Tranchita, E., Borrione, P. & Sabatini, S. (2009). Effects of chronic Rhodiola Rosea supplementation on sport performance and antioxidant capacity in trained males: Preliminary results. A paper presented at the 14th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway, June 24-27.

63. TWO GRAMS OF PROTEIN PER KILOGRAM OF BODY WEIGHT PER DAY IS REQUIRED FOR RESISTANCE TRAINING ATHLETES

    Luetkemeier, M. J., & Bradburn, M. J. (2010). Effect of dietary protein intake on nitrogen balance during resistance exercise training. Presentation 793 at the 2010 Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; June 2-5.

64. NASAL STRIP HAS ERGOGENIC EFFECT

    Allen, C., Brooks, K., & Brooks, W. (2009). Breathe Right® external nasal dilator strips as an ergogenic aid to exercise. ACSM 56th Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington. Presentation number 2546.

65. ENERGY PATCHES DO NOT INCREASE LIPID METABOLISM

    Everett, L., Smith, D., Fiddler, R., Jacobson, B., Fedick, J., Kline, C., Andrews, M., Warren, A., O'Brien, M., & Boolani, A. (2009). The effect of energy patches on substrate utilization in college female cross country runners. ACSM 56th Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington. Presentation number 2586.

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