FUEL AND ERGOGENIC AIDS 2.2

This third issue of Volume 5 of Coaching Science Abstracts reviews articles concerned with substances used to supplement or augment diets with a view to improving performance capacities. At the end of the dietary substances are a few abstracts concerned with ergogenic aids. The issue is divided into the following subtopics; general, carbohydrates (internal effects, dynamics, performance, resistance training), caffeine, other substances (branched-chain amino acids, vitamins, glycerides, high-fat diets, remainder), nasal dilators, and other ergogenic aids. This issue adds to the abstracts contained in Volume 2(3) Fuel and Ergogenic Aids.

GENERAL

1. LIMITED ENERGY INTAKE IN WOMEN LIMITS EXERCISE OUTPUT

   Davis, S. E., Fritsch, L. T., Thomas, E. A., Sebolt, D. R., & Wagner, T. L. (1997). Effects of chronic sub-optimal energy intake on constant-load exercise in young women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 730.

2. FATTY ACID UTILIZATION IMPROVES AS A CONSEQUENCE OF TRAINING

   Kiens, B. (1997). Effect of endurance training on fatty acid metabolism: Local adaptations. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29, 640-645.

3. METABOLISM DEPENDS UPON THE SIZE OF MUSCLE GROUPS EXERCISED

   Martin, W. H. (1997). Effect of endurance training on fatty acid metabolism during whole body exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29, 635-639.
   CARBOHYDRATES

   INTERNAL EFFECTS

4. PERCEPTION OF EXERTION IS INFLUENCED BY CARBOHYDRATE AVAILABILITY

   Kang, J., Utter, A., Nieman, D., & Warren, B. (1997). Effect of carbohydrate substrate availability on ratings of perceived exertion during prolonged running. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 111.

5. NEUROMUSCULAR FUNCTIONING IS AFFECTED BY CARBOHYDRATE AVAILABILITY

   Schiestl, G., Gastman, U., Steinacker, J. M., & Lehmann, M. (1997). Influence of saccharose supplementation on neuromuscular excitability (NME) during prolonged heavy exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 112.

6. CYCLING IMPROVEMENTS ARE DETERMINED LARGELY BY BELIEFS ABOUT WHAT IS IN A "LOADING" DRINK

   Clark, V. R., Hopkins, W. G., Hawley, J. A., & Burke, L. M. (1998). The size of the placebo effect of a sports drink in endurance cycling performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 346.

7. CARBOHYDRATE HYDRATION ENHANCES COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN THE HEAT

   Puchkoff, J. E., Curry, L. A., Swan, J., Ruby, B. J., & Ruby, B. C. Effects of hydration status on cognitive function during extended exercise in the heat. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1617.

   DYNAMICS

8. DYNAMICS OF GLYCOGEN DURING CARBOHYDRATE LOADING REGIMEN

   Price, T. B., Petersen, K. F., Laurent, D., & Shulman, G. I. (1997). Timecourse and mechanism of glycogen supercompensation in man. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 252.

9. FEMALES DO NOT RESPOND BENEFICIALLY TO CHO FEEDING

   Jarvis, A. T., Felix, S. D., Sims, S., Coughlin, M., Jones, M. T., & Headley, S. A. (1997). The effect of carbohydrate feeding on the sprint performance of female cyclists following 50 minutes of high intensity exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 723.

10. UNTRAINED ADOLESCENT BOYS DO NOT RESPOND TO CHO PRE-EXERCISE FEEDING IN AN ENDURANCE TASK

    Hendelman, D. L., Ornstein, K., Volpe, S., & Freedson, P. S. (1997). Pre-exercise carbohydrate feeding in adolescent boys: Effect on exercise responses and performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 724.

11. FEMALES DO NOT BENEFIT FROM INGESTING SOLID FIBER AND CHO FOOD

    Kirwan, J. P., O'Gorman, D., Campbell, D., Yarasheski, K. E., & Evans, W. J. (1997). Effects of a pre-exercise breakfast cereal on exercise performance and glucose production. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 726.

12. GLYCEMIC INDEX NOT VERY IMPORTANT WHEN CHOOSING FOODS

    Harris, M., Black, S., Giusti, J., & Cordain, L. (1997). Effect of differing glycemic index pre-exercise meals on substrate utilization and performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 727.

13. CHO SUPPLEMENTATION: HOW MUCH CHO IS IMPORTANT NOT WHEN IT IS INGESTED

    Anantaraman, R., Carmines, A. A., Gaesser, G. A., & Weltman, A. (1995). Effects of carbohydrate supplementation on performance during 1 hour of high-intensity exercise. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 16, 461-465.

14. 6% CHO SOLUTION IS THE BEST SUPPLEMENT

    Fritzche, R. G., Switzer, T. W., Hodgkinson, B. J., Lee, S. H., Martin, J. C., & Coyle, E. F. (1998). Carbohydrate added to water is better at maintaining maximal power during prolonged exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 22.

15. CHO DRINK HELPS INTERMITTENT EXERCISE IN THE HEAT

    Bergen, J. L., Bearden, S., Anderson, E., & Haymes, E. M. (1998). Carbohydrate supplementation improves performance during high-intensity intermittent exercise in the heat. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 23.

16. ENDURANCE PERFORMANCE NOT AFFECTED BY SUPPLEMENTATION DURING A RUN

    Lennon, S., Miller, S., Ebbeling, C., Maresh, C., Armstrong, L., & Rodriguez, N. (1998). Plasma amino acid and performance subsequent to nutritional supplementation during an endurance run. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 93.

17. CHO INGESTION DURING EXERCISE MORE IMPORTANT THAN PRE-EXERCISE MEALS

    Burke, L. M., Claassen, A., Hawley, J. A., & Noakes, T. D. (1998). No effect of glycemic index of pre-exercise meals with carbohydrate intake during exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 471.

18. LOWER GLYCEMIC INDEX MEALS BETTER FOR PERFORMANCE

    Kirwan, J. P., Cyr-Campbell, D., Campbell, W. W., Scheier, J. F., Farrell, P. A., & Evans, W. J. (1998). Effects of pre-exercise meals with a moderate or high glycemic index on exercise performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 879.

19. FEMALES DO NOT BENEFIT FROM FAT-RICH AND CHO-RICH DIETS

    Titchenal, C. A., Graybill-Yuen, R. B., Yuen, K. Q., Ho, K. W., & Hetzler, R. K. (1998). Effects of a fat-rich diet on maximal oxygen uptake and time-to-exhaustion in female triathletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1141.

20. FAT-RICH AND CHO-RICH DIETS HAVE SIMILAR EFFECTS IN MALES

    Hetzler, R. K., Yuen, K. Q., Graybill-Yuen, R. M., Titchenall, C. A., & Ho, K. W. (1998). Effects of a fat-rich diet on maximal oxygen uptake and time-to-exhaustion in male triathletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1142.

21. NEITHER CAFFEINE NOR CARBOHYDRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IMPROVE CYCLING PERFORMANCE

    Rehre, N. J., Cusdin, T., Deutsch, M. (1997). Effects of caffeine and carbohydrate on time trial cycling. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 1434.

    PERFORMANCE

22. CHO SUPPLEMENTATION WORKS IN ALL FORMS

    Doyle, J. A., Martin, D. E., Papadopoulos, C., Holmes, D., & Housel, T. (1997). Glycemic response to liquid, solid and gel forms of carbohydrate. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 718.

23. COMMERCIAL CHO BAR NOT ADVANTAGEOUS IN 60 KM CYCLING TIME-TRIAL

    Nethery, V., Nelson-Pfab, C., Bergman, E., & Gee, D. (1997). Pre-exercise consumption of commercial energy bars affects plasma glucose regulation during prolonged intense cycling. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 1422.

24. CARBOHYDRATE PLUS PROTEIN ACCELERATES RECOVERY FROM ENDURANCE EXERCISE

    Niles, E. S., Lachowetz, T., Garfi, J., Smith, J., Sullivan, W., & Headley, S. (1997). The effect of a carbohydrate-protein drink on muscle glycogen resynthesis after endurance exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 722.

25. FEED LATE IN AN ENDURANCE ACTIVITY AND EXTEND PERFORMANCE

    Coggan, A. R., & Coyle, E. F. (1989). Metabolism and performance following carbohydrate ingestion late in exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 21, 59-65.

26. GLYCOGEN SUPERCOMPENSATION HELPFUL FOR SOME TASKS BUT NOT FOR OTHERS

    Hawley, J. A., Schabort, E. J., Noakes, T. D., & Dennis, S. C. (1997). Carbohydrate-loading and exercise performance. Sports Medicine, 24, 73-81.

27. CHO LOADING DID NOT WORK FOR ONE-HOUR OF CYCLING

    Hawley, J. A., Palmer, G. S., & Noakes, T. D. (1997). No effect of carbohydrate loading on 1 hr cycle performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 1279.

28. ONLY A CRITICAL AMOUNT OF CHO IS NEEDED IN PRE-EXERCISE FEEDINGS

    Short, K. R., Sheffield-Moore, M., Parcell, A. C., Bolster, D. R., & Costill, D. L. (1997). Glycemic and insulinemic responses to small repeated carbohydrate feedings before exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 1664.

29. SWIMMING USES MORE CARBOHYDRATE FOR ENERGY THAN RUNNING

    Flynn, M. G., Costill, D. L., Kirwan, J. P., Mitchell, J. B., Houmard, J. A., Fink, W. J., Beltz, J. D., & D'Acquisto, L. J. (1990). Fat storage in athletes: Metabolic and hormonal responses to swimming and running. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 11, 433-440.

30. CHO INGESTION DURING PERFORMANCE DOES NOT INFLUENCE GLYCOGEN USE

    Hargreaves, M., & Briggs, C. A. (1988). Effect of carbohydrate ingestion on exercise metabolism. Journal of Applied Physiology, 65, 1553-1555.

    RESISTANCE TRAINING

31. NO FIRM PROOF OF CARBOHYDRATE ASSISTING RESISTANCE EXERCISE

    Conley, M S., & Stone, M. H. (1996). Carbohydrate ingestion/supplementation for resistance exercise and training. Sports Medicine, 21, 7-17.

32. PRE-EXERCISE CHO INGESTION DOES NOT IMPROVE RESISTANCE TRAINING PERFORMANCE

    Walberg Ranklin, J., Dalton, R., Sebolt, D., & Gwazdauskas, R. (1998). Carbohydrate supplementation prior to resistance exercise in males in negative energy balance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 21.

33. LAST MINUTE CHO INGESTION DOES NOT IMPROVE HIGH-INTENSITY PERFORMANCE

    Hawley, J. A., Palmer, G. S., Burke, L. M., Clancy, M. C., & Noakes, T. D. (1998). The effects of carbohydrate ingestion on 20 kilometer cycle time-trial performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 472.
    CAFFEINE

34. NEITHER CAFFEINE NOR CARBOHYDRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IMPROVE CYCLING PERFORMANCE

    Rehre, N. J., Cusdin, T., Deutsch, M. (1997). Effects of caffeine and carbohydrate on time trial cycling. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 1434.

35. CAFFEINE NEGATES CREATINE EFFECTS

    Vandenberghe, K., Van Hecke, P., Van Leemputte, M., Vanstapel, F., & Hespel, P. (1997). Inhibition of muscle phosphocreatine resynthesis by caffeine after creatine loading. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 1417.

36. GENDER AND EXERCISE DO NOT AFFECT CAFFEINE METABOLISM

    McLean, C., & Graham, T. E. (1998). The impact of gender and exercise on caffeine pharmacokinetics. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1380.

37. CAFFEINE INGESTION AFFECTS WINGATE TEST RESULTS

    Guner, R., Turnagol, H., Bayar, C., Ceterman, M., & Ergen, E. (1998). Effects of coffee on isokinetic strength, Wingate test and post exercise urine caffeine metabolites' concentrations. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1381.

38. CAFFEINE DOES NOT ENHANCE AEROBIC WORK

    Turnagol, H. H., Guner, R., Bayer, C., Ceteman, M., & Acikada, C. (1998). The influence of coffee on incremental exercise, recovery and post exercise urine caffeine metabolites' concentrations. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1382.

39. CAFFEINE DOES NOT ENHANCE INTERMITTENT, HIGH-INTENSITY EXERCISE

    Herman, J. A., & Young, J. C. (1998). The effect of caffeine on high-intensity, intermittent exercise to exhaustion. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1383.
    OTHER SUBSTANCES

    BRANCHED CHAIN AMINO ACIDS

40. BRANCHED CHAIN AMINO ACIDS NOT VERY HELPFUL

    Devolve, K. L., Davis, J. M., Alderson, N. L., Welsh, R. S., Russell, B. K., & Walters, J. J. (1997). Effects of carbohydrate and branch-chain amino acid ingestion on intermittent, high intensity running. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 720.

41. BRANCHED-CHAIN AMINO ACID MANIPULATION DOES NOT AFFECT ANAEROBIC RUNNING PERFORMANCE

    Mero, A. A., Nummela, A. T., Rusko, H. K., Pontinen, P. J., & Oja, S. S. (1997). Influence of leucine supplementation on serum amino acid concentration and anaerobic running performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 1095.

42. BCAA SUPPLEMENATION ENHANCES SHORT-DURATION PERFORMANCE

    Nemoto, I., Nakamura, N., & Kuroda, Y. (1997). The effects of branched-chain amino acides (BCAA) supplementation on maximal cycling bouts. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 1421.

43. BCAA SUPPLEMENTATION DOES NOT ASSIST LONG-DISTANCE RUNNERS

    Stochero, C. M., & Gomes, P. S. (1997). Acute effects of BCAA supplementation on some biochemical indicators and the performance of long-distance runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 1425.

44. BCAA INGESTION DOES NOT IMPROVE CYCLING ENDURANCE

    Foster, C., Faria, E., Chinevere, T., & Faria, I. (1998). Effect of branched-chain amino acid ingestion on moderate and high intensity cycling. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 92.

    VITAMINS

45. VITAMIN E NOT LIKELY TO PROTECT AGAINST DOMS

    Harris, M. B., & McMurray, R. G. (1997). Effects of vitamin E supplementation on delayed-onset muscular soreness. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 1416.

46. VITAMIN E HAS NO EFFECT ON AEROBIC WORK AT NORMAL OR HIGH ALTITUDES

    Yokell, S. M., Weitkunat, S. D., Cordain, L., Harris, M. A., Tucker, A., & Gottshall, R. W. (1997). Exercise capacity and lipid peroxidation during hypobaric exposure with vitamin E supplementation. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 1418.

47. VITAMIN C AND STRENGTH GAINS NOT ACCURATELY EVALUATED

    Beam, W. C., Fong, F. C., Koch, R. A., & Fortuna, J. L. (1998). The effect of chronic ascorbic acid supplementation on strength following isotonic strength training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1251.

    GLYCERIDES

48. TRIGLYCERIDES ARE THE FUEL FOR TRAINED LARGE-MUSCLE ACTIVITIES

    Martin, W. H. (1997). Effect of endurance training on fatty acid metabolism during whole body exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29, 635-639.

49. MEDIUM CHAIN TRIGLYCERIDES PLUS CARBOHYDRATES DID NOT IMPROVE ENDURANCE CYCLING PERFORMANCE

    Elmer-English, R., Goedecke, J. H., Schloss, I. C., Noakes, T. D., & Lambert, E. V. (1998). Ingestion of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) with carbohydrate during steady-state exercise: Effects on exercise metabolism and gastric symptoms. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 18.

50. MEDIUM CHAIN TRIGLYCERIDES ADDED TO CHO REPLACEMENT DRINKS DO NOT BENEFIT PERFORMANCE

    Angus, D. J., Hargreaves, M., Dancey, J., & Fabbraio, M. A. (1998). Effect of carbohydrate or carbohydrate plus medium chain triglyceride ingestion on cycling time trial performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 475.

    HIGH-FAT DIETS

51. SHORT-TERM HIGH FAT DIETS ARE NO GOOD FOR PERFORMANCE

    Heimdal, J. E., Karwacki-Marugg, C., & Heimdal, J. N. (1998). Effect of 24-hour high fat diet on active subjects' maximal aerobic capacity. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 213.

52. FEMALES DO NOT BENEFIT FROM FAT-RICH AND CHO-RICH DIETS

    Titchenal, C. A., Graybill-Yuen, R. B., Yuen, K. Q., Ho, K. W., & Hetzler, R. K. (1998). Effects of a fat-rich diet on maximal oxygen uptake and time-to-exhaustion in female triathletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1141.

53. FAT-RICH AND CHO-RICH DIETS HAVE SIMILAR EFFECTS IN MALES

    Hetzler, R. K., Yuen, K. Q., Graybill-Yuen, R. M., Titchenall, C. A., & Ho, K. W. (1998). Effects of a fat-rich diet on maximal oxygen uptake and time-to-exhaustion in male triathletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1142.

    REMAINDER

54. SEROTONIN DOES NOT HELP HIGH-INTENSITY PERFORMANCE

    Panse, G., Bosman, M. J., Barry, M. J., Boecker, D. R., & Tarnopolsky, M. A. (1997). The effect of acute and chronic selective serotonin reuptake inhibition (SSRI) on exercise performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 1093.

55. L-GUTAMINE DOES NOT EXTEND PERFORMANCE IN HIGH-INTENSITY EXERCISE

    Haub, M. D., Potteiger, J. A., Nau, K. L., Zebas, C. J., & Webster, M. J. (1997). Delaying the onset of fatigue: Influence of L-Gutamine ingestion.Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 1094.

56. PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTATION NOT AN ERGOGENIC AID FOR INTERMITTENT HIGH-INTENSITY EXERCISE

    Potteiger, J. A., Dolezal, B. A., Almuzaini, K. S., & Haub, M. D. (1997). Acute protein supplementation does not alter power output, plasma ammonia concentration and acid-base during high intensity intermittent exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 1097.

57. GINSENG INEFFECTIVE IN MAXIMAL AEROBIC PERFORMANCE

    Lifton, B., Otto, R. M., & Wygand, J. (1997). The effect of Ginseng on acute maximal aerobic exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 1414.

58. DCA HAS LIMITED EFFECTS ON PROLONGED EXERCISE

    Robergs, S. O., Robergs, R. A., & Montner, P. (1997). Effects of oral doses of sodium dichloroacetate (DCA) during continuous graded exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 1415.

59. LACTATE CONSUMPTION DOES NOT IMPROVE ENDURANCE PERFORMANCE

    Bryner, R. W., Hornsby, W. G., Chetlin, R., Ullrich, I. H., & Yeater, R. A. (1998). Effect of lactate consumption on exercise performance. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 38, 116-123.

60. LACTATE NOT AFFECTED BY PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTATION AFTER RESISTANCE EXERCISE

    Todd, M., Stevens, W., Wagner, C., & Cramer, C. (1998). Effect of single dose protein supplement on blood lactate concentration after resistance exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 97.

61. BICARBONATE LOADING DOES NOT ASSIST 800-m RUNNING

    Rodbell, B. L., Shepherd, T., Taylor, W., & Marley, W. P. (1998). Bicarbonate loading and performance enhancement in half mile sprinting. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 345.

62. CHROMIUM IMPROVES MAXIMAL PERFORMANCE AFTER PROLONGED EXERCISE

    Horn, M. E., Baer, J. T., & Vanderburgh, P. M. (1998). Improved sprint cycle performance following consumption of a chromium-carbohydrate beverage during prolonged exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 878.

63. HIGHER DOSES OF CITRULLINE MALATE IMPROVE AEROBIC PERFORMANCE

    Janeira, M. A., Maia, J. R., & Santos, P. J. (1998). Citrulline malate effects on the aerobic-anaerobic threshold and in post-exercise blood lactate recovery. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 880.

64. CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID HAS ANABOLIC EFFECTS

    Lowery, L. M., Appicelli, P. A., & Lemon, P. W. (1998). Conjugated linoleic acid enhances muscle size and strength gains in novice bodybuilders. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1038.

65. HERBAL FORMULATION IMPROVES LACTATE METABOLISM DURING RECOVERY

    Morrissey, S., Wang, R., & Burke, E. R. (1998). Evaluation of the effects of a complex herbal formulation on lactate metabolism. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1576.

66. CIWUJIA HAS NO EFFECT UPON SUBMAXIMAL ENDURANCE PERFORMANCE

    Smeltzer, K. D., & Gretebeck, R. J. (1998). Effect of Radix Acanthopanax Senticosus on submaximal running performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1578.

67. ANTIOXIDANT SUPPLEMENTS INCREASE AEROBIC FUNCTION

    Collins, M. B. (1998). The effects of acute antioxidant supplementation on aerobic capacity and high intensity training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1830.
    NASAL DILATORS

68. NASAL STRIPS BENEFIT HOCKEY PERFORMANCE AND METABOLISM

    Deyak, J. A., Goldsworthy, S., Meierhofer, D. & Bacharach, D. (1998). Performance and recovery effects of Breathe Right nasal strips during a simulated hockey period. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1769.

69. NASAL STRIPS COULD HELP ASTHMATICS

    Schneider, P. T.,& Cerny, F. J. (1998). Does the Breathe right Nasal Strip (BRNS) reduce nasal resistance during exercise? Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1078.

70. NASAL DILATORS DO NOT AFFECT PERCEIVED EXERTION

    Hinojosa, J. R., Iman, W. H., Pujol, T. J., & Langenfeld, M. E. (1997). The effects of an external nasal dilator strip on differentiated ratings of perceived exertion. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 1609.

71. ANAEROBIC PERFORMANCE NOT AFFECTED BY NASAL STRIP OR MOUTH GUARD

    Bowdoin, B. A., Thomas, D. Q., Brown, D. D., & McCraw, S. T. (1997). The effects of a nasal dilator on anaerobic exercise performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 1612.

72. NASAL DILATORS DO NOT ENHANCE SUBMAXIMAL EXERCISE PERFORMANCE

    Brown, D. D., Lawrence, D. M., Steurer, R. A., & Rodgers, J. (1997). The effect of external nasal dilators on submaximal exercise responses. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 1670.

73. NO PHYSIOLOGICAL BENEFITS FROM A NASAL DILATOR

    Repovich, W. E., Roehl, M. J., & Coelho, A. J. (1998). Effectiveness of the Breathe Right on Ve and RPE in collegiate distance runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 187.

74. NASAL DILATORS DO NOT EFFECT PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO EXERCISE

    Chinevere, T. D., Faria, E. W., & Faria, I. E. (1997). Comparative effects of an external nasal dilator on breathing pattern and cardiorespiratory responses. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 1610.

75. NASAL DILATORS DO NOT AFFECT PERFORMANCE OR PERCEIVED EXERTION

    O'Kroy, J. A. (1997). Effects of an external nasal dilator on performance and ventilation. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 1611.

76. NASAL DILATORS DO NOT IMPROVE RECOVERY FROM ANAEROBIC WORK

    Cooke, E. S. (1998). The effects of an external nasal dilator on recovery from anaerobic performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1583.

77. NASAL DILATORS DO NOT AFFECT PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS

    Overend, T. J., Occleshaw, S. A., & Young, R. T. (1998). Effect of an external nasal dilator during mouth-occluded exercise.Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1584.
    OTHER ERGOGENIC AIDS

78. AROMAS DO NOT AFFECT SUBMAXIMAL ENDURANCE PERFORMANCE

    Welker, A., Quinn, K., Otto, R. M., & Wygand, J. (1998). The effects of aroma treatment on submaximal exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1579.

79. RESEARCH ON AFFECTS OF STEROIDS IS NOT TOO CONCLUSIVE

    Doyle-Baker, P. K., Benson, B. W., & Meeuwisse, W. H. (1998). The ergogenic effects of anabolic steroids: A critical appraisal of the literature. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1581.

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