Volume 9(4): February, 2004

MENTAL FACTORS IN SPORTS 2

This fourth issue of Volume 9 of Coaching Science Abstracts reviews articles concerned with several mental factors in sports. Previously, the topics included were offered as specific issues. Those issues were:

A combined issue titled Mental Factors in Sports updated the above specific topics. The contents of this issue should be married with the previous Coaching Science Abstracts' issues to extend understanding of the factors.

    TABLE OF CONTENTS

    ATTENTION

  1. OTHER PLAYER'S MOVEMENTS PROVIDE THE CLUES ABOUT BALL TRAJECTORY

    Fery, Y-A., & Crognier, L. (2001). On the tactical significance of game situations in anticipating ball trajectories in tennis. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 72, 143-149.

  2. EXPERT MARKSMEN FOCUS MORE EFFICIENTLY THAN NON-EXPERTS

    Deeny, S. P., Hillman, C H., Janelle, C. M., & Hatfield, B. D. (2001). EEG coherence and neural efficiency in expert and non-expert marksmen. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 1008.

  3. ATTENTIONAL CONTROL IS THE MAJOR FUNCTION INVOLVED IN SKILL EXECUTION OF MARKSMEN

    Kerick, S. E., McDowell, K., Hung, T. M., Spalding, T. S., & Hatfield, B. D. (2001). Event-related alpha power in marksmen: Motor versus integrated perceptual-motor demands of shooting. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 1013.

  4. SOCIAL SUPPORT MODIFIES CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSE IN MODERATE EXERCISE

    Hollander, D. B., Ciano-Federoff, L., Perna, F. M., & Larkin, K. T. (2001). Social support buffers cardiovascular and perceptual responses to exercise and recovery but not anticipation to exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 1470.

  5. FOR GOOD RESULTS, FOCUS ON THE IMPORTANT MOVEMENT ELEMENT

    Sherwood, D. E., & Rios, V. (2001). Divided attention in bimanual aiming events: Effects on movement accuracy. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 72, 210-218.

  6. MENTAL FOCUSING ON INTENDED AND EARLY EXECUTION OF PRECISE COMPLEX SKILLS IS REQUIRED

    Etnier, J. L., & Sibley, B. A. (2002). Attention demands during the performance of a volleyball setting task. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(5), Supplement abstract 1200.

    AROUSAL/ANXIETY/STRESS

  7. HIGH INTENSITY EXERCISE REDUCES ANXIETY

    Cox, R. H., Thomas, T. R., & Davis, J. E. (1999). Delayed anxiolytic effect associated with an acute bout of exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 1150.

  8. MAXIMAL AEROBIC EXERCISE IMPROVES MENTAL STATES

    Hall, E. E., Ekkekakis, P., & Petruzzelia, S. J. (1999). Affective changes to a graded maximal exercise test. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 1151.

  9. MENTAL PRACTICE EFFECTS ARE ALTERED BY ANXIETY LEVELS

    Hilvari, H. (1996). Effects of mental practice on performance are moderated by cognitive anxiety as measured by the Sport Competition Anxiety Test. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 83, 1375-1383.

  10. COMPETITIVE ANXIETY CAN BE FACILITATIVE FOR PERFORMANCE

    Jones, G., & Hanton, S. (1996). Interpretation of competitive anxiety symptoms and goal attainment expectancies. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18, 144-157.

  11. THEORIES OF EXCITATION ARE NOT RELATED IN SWIMMERS

    Davis, J. E., & Cox, R. H. (2000). Interpreting direction of anxiety within Hanin's Individual Zone of Optimal Functioning. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 407.

  12. EFFECTS OF ANXIETY ON PERFORMANCE ARE SET MORE THAN 24 HOURS BEFORE A COMPETITION

    Wiggins, M. S. (1998). Anxiety intensity and direction: Preperformance temporal patterns and expectations in athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 10, 201-211.

  13. COMPETITION STRESS MIGHT INCLUDE WHAT OTHERS WILL THINK AND HOW THE ATHLETE IS PRESENTED

    James, B., & Collins, D. (1997). Self-presentational sources of competitive stress during performance. The Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 19, 17-35.

  14. STRENUOUS EXERCISE LOWERS DEPRESSION

    Kline, L. M., & Coleman, W. R. (2000). Strenuous exercise is associated with reductions in depression scores during final examinations. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 402.

  15. OPTIMISM BEFORE HARD GAMES IS DESIRABLE

    Wilson, G. S., Steinke, J. A., & Raglin, J. S. (2000). Predicted, precompetition, and competition anxiety in optimistic and pessimistic collegiate softball players. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 405.

  16. PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS REACTIONS ARE NOT RELATED

    Gallucci, A. N., & Williams, N. A. (2001). Physiological indicators of psychological stress prior to competitive exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5) Supplement abstract 1468.

  17. STRENGTH IMPROVES WITH HIGH POSITIVE AROUSAL

    Perkins, D., Wilson, G. V., & Kerr, J. H. (2001). The effects of elevated arousal and mood on maximal strength performance in athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13, 239-259.

  18. HIGH SELF-CONFIDENCE CONTROLS PRECOMPETITION ANXIETY

    Hanton, S., & Connaughton, D. (2002). Perceived control of anxiety and its relationship to self-confidence and performance. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 73, 87-97.

  19. ANXIETY HAS LITTLE PRACTICAL IMPLICATION FOR BOWLING

    Jerome, G. J., & Williams, J. M. (2000). Intensity and interpretation of competitive state anxiety: Relationship to performance and repressive coping. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 12, 236-250.

  20. PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS DURING AN EXERCISE ADVERSELY AFFECTS CARDIORESPIRATORY FACTORS

    Webb, H. E., Weldy, M. L., Fabianake, E. C., Orndorff, G. R., Starks, M. A., & Acevedo, E. O. (2002). Psychological stress, cardiorespiratory responses and decision making during exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(5), Supplement abstract 154.

  21. STATE ANXIETY INVENTORY DOES INDEED MEASURE ANXIETY

    Landers, D. M., Arent, S. M., Rogers, T. J., He, C.X., & Lochbaum, M. R. (2002). The State Anxiety Inventory: A measure of arousal/activation or anxiety/tension? Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(5), Supplement abstract 164.

  22. WORRIES INTERFERE WITH PERFORMANCE

    Psychountaki, M., & Zervas, Y. (2000). Competitive worries, sport confidence, and performance ratings for young swimmers. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 91, 87-94.

    MENTAL SKILLS

  23. SKILL LEARNING FOR PERFORMANCE IN FATIGUE IS GENDER SPECIFIC

    Arnett, M. G., DeLuccia, D., & Gilmartin, K. (2000). Male and female differences and the specificity of fatigue on skill acquisition and transfer performance. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 71, 201-205.

  24. IMAGERY ENHANCES LEARNING

    Bohan, M., Pharmer, J. A., & Stokes, A. F. (1999). When does imagery practice enhance performance on a motor task? Perceptual and Motor Skills, 88, 651-658.

  25. EXPERTS THINK BETTER THAN NOVICES IN COMPETITIONS

    McPherson, S. L. (2000). Expert-novice differences in planning strategies during collegiate singles tennis competition. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 22, 39-62.

  26. SELF-CONTROL OF FEEDBACK PRODUCES SUPERIOR SKILL LEARNING

    Janelle, C. M., Barba, D. A., Frehlich, S. G., Tennant, L. K., & Cauraugh, J. H. (1997). Maximizing performance feedback effectiveness through videotape replay and self-controlled learning environment. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 68, 269-279.

  27. SKILL MASTERY SHOULD BE THE PRINCIPAL FOCUS OF TRAINING

    Seifriz, J. J., Duda, J. L., & Chi, L. (1992). The relationship of perceived motivational climate to intrinsic motivation and beliefs about success in basketball. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 14, 375-391.

  28. FEEDBACK MORE IMPORTANT THAN INSTRUCTIONS WHEN LEARNING A MOTOR SKILL

    Hodges, N. J., & Franks, I. M. (2001). Learning a coordination skill: Interactive effects of instruction and feedback. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 72, 132-142.

  29. MENTAL SKILLS TRAINING IMPROVES BASKETBALL GAME PERFORMANCES

    Hamilton, S. A., & Fremouw, W. J. (1985). Cognitive-behavioral training for college basketball free-throw performance. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 9, 479-483.

  30. HYPNOSIS TRAINING IMPROVES SKILLED PERFORMANCE

    Pates, J., Maynard, I., & Westbury, T. (2001). An investigation into the effects of hypnosis on basketball performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13, 84-102.

  31. HYPNOSIS IMPROVES PERFORMANCE AND CONTROL IN GOLF PUTTING

    Pates, J., Oliver, R., & Maynard, I. (2001). The effects of hypnosis on flow states and golf-putting performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13, 341-354.

  32. EXPERT VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS ARE SUPERIOR IN SELF-REGULATION FACTORS

    Kitsantas, A., & Zimmerman, B. J. (2002). Comparing self-regulatory processes among novice, non-expert, and expert volleyball players: A microanalytic study. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14, 91-105.

  33. USE MODELING WHEN TEACHING BEGINNERS

    SooHoo, S., Takemoto, K., & McCullagh, P. (2002). Modeling and imagery as interventions for skill acquisition [abstract]. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 73 (supplement), A-95.

  34. FLOTATION-REST HAS MARGINAL BENEFITS FOR ARCHERS

    Norlander, T., & Bergman, H. (1999). Primary process in competitive archery performance: Effects of flotation REST. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 11, 194-209.

  35. MENTAL TRAINING IS VALUABLE FOR NOVICE PERFORMERS

    Terry, P. C., & Mayer, J. L. (1998). Effectiveness of a mental training program for novice scuba divers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 10, 251-267.

  36. YOUNG WRESTLER PLAYER USES MIND TO HELP OVERCOME JITTERS

    Ward, D. T. (June 22, 2003). Poway youngster uses mind to help overcome jitters. San Diego Union-Tribune.

  37. TESTIMONY ABOUT USE OF ON LINE MENTAL SKILLS TRAINING

    Coach Gerald Lafon, USA Judo, San Diego, California (Personal communication, 25 July, 2003).

    LEARNING

  38. PUBLIC POSTING REDUCES INAPPROPRIATE BEHAVIORS IN TENNIS

    Galvan, Z. J., & Ward, P. (1998). Effects of public posting on inappropriate on-court behaviors by collegiate tennis players. The Sport Psychologist, 12, 419-426.

  39. AGE AND FITNESS ARE RELATED TO SKILL LEARNING AND RETENTION

    Etnier, J. L., Romero, D. H., & Traustadottir, T. (2000). Acquisition and retention of motor skills as a function of age and aerobic fitness. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 725.

  40. ENCOURAGEMENT AFFECTS PHYSIOLOGICAL TEST RESULTS

    Andreacci, J., Urbansky, E., Cohen, S., & LeMura, L. (2000). The effects of frequency of encouragement on performance during maximal exercise testing. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 998.

  41. EDUCATION DOES NOT CHANGE DIETARY HABITS

    Peterson, C. M., Walker, A. J., Leon, A. S., Nesser, T. W., Chen, S. P., & Gaskill, S. E. (2000). The effects of sports nutrition education on dietary patterns in adolescent female cross-country skiers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 1403.

  42. FEEDBACK SHOULD BE CONTINUOUS TO PRODUCE THE BEST PERFORMANCES

    Klebez, J., Richardson, J., Febbo, S., Tucker, D., LeMura, L., & Cohen, S. The effects of reinforcement schedules on increases in electromyographic (EMG) response. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 1465.

  43. STEADY-STATE EXERCISING USES A VARIETY OF MOVEMENT PATTERNS

    Arnos, P. M., Mylona, E., Anning, J. H., Armstrong, C., & Andres, F. F. (1999). Muscle activation patterns during total-body steady-state exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 870.

  44. BASEBALL PITCHERS USE A FAMILY OF MOVEMENT PATTERNS IN A GAME

    Murray, T. A., Cook, T. D., Werner, S. L., Schlegel, T. F., & Hawkins, R. J. (2001). The effects of extended play on professional baseball pitchers. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 29, 137-142.

  45. MOVEMENT PATTERNS VARY WITH FATIGUE

    Bjerke, O., & Ettema, G. J. (2001). The effects of muscular fatigue on the co-ordination patterns in a complex task with a maintained performance level. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 1220.

  46. TECHNIQUE ALTERATIONS DUE TO FATIGUE STILL PRODUCE OUTCOMES IN EXPERT ATHLETES

    Aune, T. K., Ettema, G., Ingvaldsen, R. P., & Whiting, H. T. (2001). The effect of physical fatigue on motor control and coordination in a multi-joint timing task. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 1221.

  47. FATIGUE CHANGES THE KINEMATICS OF SKILLED PERFORMANCES IN VOLLEYBALL

    Dangelmaier, B. S., & Coward, S. M. (2001). Fatigue induced kinematic changes in a volleyball spike. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 1341.

  48. WEIGHTED BATS DO NOT IMPROVE SWING SPEED

    Szymanski, D. J., McIntyre, J. S., Madsen, N., & Pascoe, D. D. (2001). The effects of overweighted softball bats on bat swing and hand velocities. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 1346.

  49. FATIGUE CHANGES TECHNIQUES

    Solomito, A. N., Enzler, D., & Rodd, D. (2001). Biomechanical analysis of technique during fatigued elbow flexion. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 1347.

  50. VISUAL CUES SHOULD BE EMPHASIZED WHEN LEARNING A TASK

    Coull, J., Tremblay, L., & Elliott, D. (2001). Examining the specificity of practice hypothesis: Is learning modality specific? Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 72, 345-354.

  51. AUGMENTED FEEDBACK ASSISTS CHILDREN TO LEARN COMPLEX TASKS

    Fredenburg, K. B., Lee, A. M., & Solmon, M. (2001). The effects of augmented feedback on students' perceptions and performance. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 72, 232-242.

    MOOD STATES

  52. COGNITIONS AND MOOD ONLY AFFECTED BY EXTREME WEIGHT LOSS

    Landers, D. M., Urakawa, K. S., Lutz, R. S., He, C. X., Romero, D. H., Slade, J. M., Prezuhy, A. M., & Arent, S. M. (1999). The cognitive effects of rapid weight loss in high school wrestlers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 316.

  53. POST-EXERCISE CHO DRINKS MIGHT HAVE ADVERSE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS

    Bloomer, R. J., Baldewicz, I. I., Keller, H. A., Vukovich, M. D., & Sforzo, G. A. (2000). Alterations in mood following acute post-exercise feeding with variance in macronutrient mix. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 121.

  54. HEAVY RESISTANCE AND HIGH INTENSITY INTERVAL TRAINING DO NOT IMPROVE AEROBIC PERFORMANCE

    Swensen, T., Obidinski, M., & Wigglesworth, J. K. (2000). Effects of resistance training or high intensity ergometer interval training on rowing performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 536.

  55. MOOD CHANGES DURING RECOVERY IN HABITUAL EXERCISERS

    Shepanski, M. A., Hoffman, M. D., Ruble, S. B., Valic, Z., Buckwalter, J. B., & Clifford, P. S. (2001). Habitual exercise is associated with exercise-induced mood enhancement. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 954.

  56. MAXIMAL EXERCISE ALTERS PRE- AND POST-EXERCISE MOOD

    Wilson, J. R., Yilla, A., & Solomon, G. B. (2001). The effects of acute bouts of aerobic and anaerobic exercise on mood states. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 955.

  57. POMS DOES NOT PREDICT SPORTING SUCCESS

    Reed, J., Ones, D. S., & Serfass, R. C. (2001). Can mood subfactors of the Profile of Mood States discriminate between levels of athletic performance? Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 959.

  58. STALENESS IN ADOLESCENT RUNNERS NOT PREDICTED BY HARDINESS OR MOOD MEASURES

    Wilson, G. S., Aydt, J., & Raglin, J. S. (2001). Hardiness, mood state, and history of staleness in age-group runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 962.

  59. POMS IS NOT RELATED TO SPORTS PERFORMANCE IN A MEANINGFUL WAY

    Prapavessis, H. (2000). The POMS and sports performance: A review. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 12, 34-48.

  60. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POMS AND PERFORMANCE IS RESTRICTED AND NOT CLEAR

    Beedie, C. J., Terry, P. C., & Lane, A. M. (2000). The Profile of Mood States and athletic performance: Two meta-analyses. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 12, 49-68.

  61. LINK BETWEEN POMS AND EXERCISE HAS YET TO BE DEFINED

    Berger, B. G. (2000). Exercise and Mood: A selective review and synthesis of research employing the Profile of Mood States. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 12, 69-92.

  62. POMS NORMS ARE INAPPROPRIATE FOR ATHLETIC SAMPLES

    Terry, P. C., & Lane, A. M. (2000). Normative values for the Profile of Mood States for use with athletic samples. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 12, 93-109.

  63. MENTAL ACTIVITY DURING EXERCISE SHOULD BE ENJOYABLE

    Russell, W. D., Pritschet, B., Frost, E., Emmett, J., Pelley, T. J., Black, J., & Owen, J. (2002). A comparison of post-exercise mood enhancement across common exercise distraction activities. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(5), Supplement abstract 160.

  64. EXERCISE BRIEFLY REDUCES SLEEPINESS

    Crabbe, J. B., O'Connor, P. J., & Dishman, R. K. (2002). Effects of cycling exercise on mood and brain electrocortical activity after sleep deprivation. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(5), Supplement abstract 525.

  65. FEMALE SWIMMERS ARE PSYCHOLOGICALLY DIFFERENT TO MALE SWIMMERS

    Tobar, D. A., & Morgan, W. P. (2002). Gender, trait anxiety and mood state responses to overtraining in college swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(5), Supplement abstract 905.

  66. NEGATIVE MOOD IS RELATED TO POOR PERFORMANCE

    Mahood, N. V., Hazzard, M. P., Podolin, D. A., & Kenefick, R. W. (2002). Physiological and psychological responses to a collegiate cross-country ski season. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(5), Supplement abstract 1103.

  67. AGE-GROUPERS' MOOD WORSENS AS TRAINING LOAD INCREASES

    Snook, E. M., Jerome, G. J., & Petruzzello, S. J. (2002). Mood changes over a training season in age group swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(5), Supplement abstract 1114.

  68. MOOD RECOVERS QUICKLY AFTER EXPOSURE TO HIGH ALTITUDE

    Kambis, K. W., Muza, S. R., McQuaid, D. B., MacDonald, J. R., Rock, P. B., Cymerman, A., Friedlander, A., Walterick, P., Sury, J., & Griffin, E. (2002). Relationship between mood state and oxygen saturation during residence at high altitude. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(5), Supplement abstract 1248.

  69. PRE- AND POST-EXERCISE MOODS REFLECT DIFFERENT THINGS

    Hale, B. S., Kageyama, N. J., & Raglin, J. S. (2002). Changes in acute mood state and taigue-index during 6-d of intensive cycling training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(5), Supplement abstract 1324.

  70. MOOD DOES NOT REFLECT OVERUSE INJURED STATES

    Goodrich, D. E., & Raglin, J. S. (2002). Psychological and perceptual responses of overuse-injured and uninjured collegiate athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(5), Supplement abstract 1325.

    MEASUREMENT

  71. SPORT-SPECIFIC PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS ARE MORE USEFUL THAN GENERAL TESTS

    Dunn, J. G., & Dunn, J. C. (2001). Relationships among the Sport Competition Anxiety Test, the Sport Anxiety Scale, and the Collegiate Hockey Worry Scale. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13, 411-429.

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