Volume 11(5): March, 2006

THE FEMALE ATHLETE 4

This fifth issue of Volume 11 of Coaching Science Abstracts reviews articles concerned with characteristics of female athletes and differences between male and female athletes. It extends the concepts reported in Volume 2(5), Volume 5(5) and Volume 8(5). It further justifies establishing different coaching and training programs for each gender.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

    PERFORMANCE

  1. IN ADOLESCENCE, BOYS IMPROVE MARKEDLY IN SKILL DEVELOPMENT WHEREAS GIRLS IMPROVE LESS

    Hewett, T. E., Myer, G. D., & Ford, K. R. (2002). The influence of growth and pubertal maturation on neuromuscular performance in high-risk female athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(5), Supplement abstract 1384.

  2. FEMALE BIATHLON PERFORMANCE IS GOVERNED BY DIFFERENT FACTORS TO THOSE OF MALES

    Rundell, K. W., & Bacharach, D. W. (1995). Physiological characteristics and performance of top US biathletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 27,1302-1310.

  3. ROWING PERFORMANCE INFLUENCED MORE BY TECHNIQUE THAN PHYSICAL TRAINING

    Seiler, K. S., Spirduso, W. W., & Martin, J. S. (1998). Gender differences in rowing performance and power with aging. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30, 121-127.

  4. ECCENTRIC STRENGTH EXERCISES ARE PERFORMED DIFFERENTLY BY WOMEN WHEN COMPARED TO MEN

    Hubal, M. J., Clarkson, P. M., & Rubinstein, S. (2003). Gender differences in central activation during maximal eccentric exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(5), Supplement abstract 562.

  5. SEVERAL FACTORS DETERMINE IF THERE IS A GENDER DIFFERENCE IN FATIGUABILITY

    Clark, B. C., Manimi, T. M., The, D. J., Doldo, N. A., & Ploutz-Snyder, L. L. (2003). Role of contraction type and activation strategies in fatiguability differences between males and females. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(5), Supplement abstract 809.

  6. AGE-RELATED PERFORMANCE DECLINES VARY WITH GENDER AND EVENT

    Chopra, A. .R., & Tanaka, H. (2003). Age and gender interactions in physiological functional capacity: Insight from Track and field performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(5), Supplement abstract 1368.

  7. MAXIMUM TORQUE AND ACCELERATION DISCRIMINATE THE GENDERS

    Brown, L. E., Whitehurst, M., Findley, B. W., Comeau, M. J., & Noffal, G. J. (2003). Maximum knee torque and acceleration completely discriminate gender at high speeds. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(5), Supplement abstract 1516.

  8. MUSCULAR POWER DECLINES WITH AGE AND IS GREATER IN FEMALES

    Anton, M. H., & Tanaka, H. (2003). Reductions in physiological functional capacity with age: Insight from powerlifting and weightlifting performance records. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(5), Supplement abstract 1786.

  9. ACUTE EXPOSURE TO LOW ALTITUDE CAUSES AEROBIC PERFORMANCE TO DECLINE

    Sucec, A. A., Stenqvist, J., Abbott, K., & Dunn, R. (2004). Endurance performance and lactate threshold decline at low altitude (1,410 m) in female and male distance runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(5), Supplement abstract 758.

  10. MEN AND WOMEN FATIGUE SIMILARLY DURING FATIGUING ARM CONTRACTIONS

    Rudroff, T., Poston, B., Bojsen-Molr, J., & Enoka, R. M. (2004). Strength-matched men and women perform similarly on fatiguing contractions with arm muscles. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(5), Supplement abstract 1889.

  11. FEMALE METABOLISM ACCOUNTS FOR BETTER FATIGUE RESISTANCE

    Clark, B., Collier, S. R., Manini, T. M., & Ploutz-Snyder, L. L. (2004). Sex differences in muscle fatiguability and neuromuscular activation patterns of the human quadriceps femoris. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(5), Supplement abstract 1892.

  12. WOMEN HAVE RELATIVELY GREATER ECCENTRIC STRENGTH THAN MEN

    Hollander, D. B., Kraemer, R. R., Kilpatrick, M. W., Ramadan, Z. G., Reeves, G. W., Francois, M., Durand, R. J., & Tryniecki, J. T. (2004). Eccentric and concentric strength differences in men and women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(5), Supplement abstract 2384.

  13. MALES FATIGUE FASTER THAN FEMALES IN ISOMETRIC CONTRACTIONS

    Hunter, S. K., Sanders, J. M., Polichnowski, A J., & Ng, A. V. (2005). Men have greater hyperemia than women for a similar intensity isometric fatiguing contraction. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(5), Supplement abstract 2006.

  14. FEMALE 100 m TIMES WILL NOT SURPASS MALE TIMES IN THE FORESEEABLE FUTURE

    De Konig, J. J., Seiler, S., & Foster, C. (2005). Projected sprint performances are biologically unreasonable. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(5), Supplement abstract 2105.

  15. GENDER GAP IN RUNNING PERFORMANCES IS INCREASING

    Seiler, S., de Konig, J. J., & Foster, C. (2005). Is the gender gap in running performance still narrowing. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(5), Supplement abstract 2108.

  16. FEMALES’ KINEMATICS INCREASE THE LIKELIHOOD OF KNEE INJURIES

    Zeller, B. L., McCrory, J. L., Kibler, W. B., & Uhl, T. L. (2003). Differences in kinematics and electromyographic activity between men and women during the single-legged squat. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 31, 449-456.

  17. MORE WORK IS POSSIBLE IN THE AFTERNOON

    Hill, D. W., Borden, D. O., Darnaby, W. M., Hendricks, D. N., & Hill, C. M. (1992). Effect of time of day on aerobic and anaerobic responses to high-intensity exercise. Canadian Journal of Sport Sciences, 17, 316-319.

  18. BODY POSITION CHANGES ALTER JOINT MUSCULAR FUNCTION

    Findley, B. W., Brown, L. E., & Whitehurst, M. (2003). The effect of position on knee acceleration during an isokinetic fatiguability test in females. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(5), Supplement abstract 1506.

  19. POORLY PERFORMING FEMALE SWIMMERS MIGHT HAVE A THYROID PROBLEM

    VanHeest, J. L., Mahoney, C. E., Cappaert, J. M., Hill, K. W., De Souza, M. J., & Rodgers, C. D. (2003). Induction of low T3 syndrome in female swimmers during a competitive season. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(5), Supplement abstract 1829.

  20. SERIOUS ATHLETES ARE AT RISK FOR THE FEMALE ATHLETE TRIAD

    Torsveit, M. K., & Sundgot-Borgen, J. (2003). Are elite athletes less at risk for the female athlete triad compared to non-athletic controls? Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(5), Supplement abstract 1839.

  21. LABORATORY MEASURES ARE NOT VERY SENSITIVE TO REAL PERFORMANCE CHANGES

    Garner, A. S., Martin, D. T., Gulbin, J., Doney, G. E., Jenkins, D. G., & Hahn, A. G. (2003). Laboratory and velodrome sprint cycling power in female cyclists following 6 weeks of training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(5), Supplement abstract 1872.

  22. WOMEN FATIGUE MORE EASILY IN OVULATION

    Drake, S. M., Evetovich, T. K., Eschbach, C., Webster, M., & Whitehead, T. (2004). The effect of menstrual cycle on electromyography and mechanomyography during fatigue. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(5), Supplement abstract 813.

  23. FEMALE DISTANCE RUNNERS SHOULD EXPERIMENT WITH GOING OUT "FASTER"

    Kenefick, R. W., DeCamp, A. E., Edwards, D. G., & Quinn, T. J. (2004). Does pacing strategy affect 5-km running performance in competitive female distance runners? Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(5), Supplement abstract 833.

  24. PLAYING ICE-HOCKEY OVER A SEASON DOES NOT ALTER LACTATE RESPONSES IN FEMALES

    Bracko, M. R., & Fellingham, G. W. (2004). Effect of a season of play on lactate response in Canadian female university hockey players. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(5), Supplement abstract 1438.

  25. CREATINE SUPPLEMENTATION ENHANCES RECOVERY FOR AEROBIC EXERCISE IN FEMALES

    Aoki, M. S., Gomes, R. V., & Raso, V. (2004). Creatine supplementation attenuates the adverse effect of endurance exercise on subsequent resistance exercise performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(5), Supplement abstract 2301.

  26. FEMALES BENEFIT FROM CHO FEEDING IN VERY LONG EXERCISES

    McClaughry, A. C., Harger, S., Gaskill, S. E., & Ruby, B. C. (2005). Effects of carbohydrate feeding on muscle glycogen and substrate oxidation during extended exercise in females. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(5), Supplement abstract 1613.

    PHYSIOLOGY

  27. GENDERS REACT DIFFERENTLY TO CREATINE SUPPLEMENTATION

    Stride, D., Chilibeck, P. D., Burke, D. G., & Farthing, J. (2002). Gender differences in response to twice-a-week creatine supplementation during resistance training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 817.

  28. FEMALES USE FAT TO FUEL EXERCISE MORE THAN DO MEN

    Yasuda, N., Ruby, B. C., & Gaskill, S. E. (2002). Gender differences in substrate utilization during arm and leg exercise relative to ventilatory threshold. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(5), Supplement abstract 1596.

  29. FEMALES RESPOND DIFFERENTLY TO MALES WITH BOVINE COLOSTRUM SUPPLEMENTATION

    Mero, A. A., Nykanen, T., Rasi, S., & Leppaluoto, J. (2002). IGF-1, IGFBP-3, growth hormone, and testosterone in male and female athletes during bovine colostrums supplementation. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(5), Supplement abstract 1687.

  30. FEMALES INHERENTLY MORE EFFICIENT IN AEROBIC WORK

    Wright, A., Marino, F. E., Kay, D., Micalos, P., Fanning, C., Canno, J., & Noakes, T. D. (2002). Influence of lean body mass on performance differences of male and female distance runners in warm, humid environments. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 118, 285-291.

  31. STRENGTH TRAINING PRODUCES A GENDER-SPECIFIC POSTEXERCISE TRIGLYCERIDE RESPONSE

    Kendrick, K. H., Harvey, J. F., & Titlow, L. W. (2003). Acute strength training and postmeal triglycerides: A gender comparison. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(5), Supplement abstract 1129.

  32. SHORT-TERM CREATINE SUPPLEMENTATION DOES NOT AFFECT THERMOREGULATION

    Rosene, J. M., Whitman, S. A., & Fogarty, T. D. (2003). A comparison of thermoregulation with short-term creatine supplementation between genders in a thermoneutral environment. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(5), Supplement abstract 1199.

  33. TOTAL WORK AND MAXIMAL POWER OUTPUT MEASURE AEROBIC POWER

    Rump, P., Verstappen, F., Gerver, W. J., & Hornstra, G. (2002). Body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness indicators in prepubescent boys and girls. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 23, 50-54.

  34. SODIUM SUPPLEMENTATION DOES NOT PREVENT HYPONATREMIA - FERRITIN IS NEEDED BY ADOLESCENT SWIMMERS

    Abdallah, F., Lima, F. R., & Pinto, A. L. (2004). Hematological indices and iron status in adolescent competitive swimmers of both sexes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(5), Supplement abstract 2049.

  35. INTENSE TRAINING REMOVES GENDER DIFFERENT SUBSTRATE UTILIZATION

    Achten, J., Wallis, G. A., Shaw, C., Tarnopolsky, M. A., Greeves, J. P., & Casey, A. (2004). Differences in substrate utilization between men and women disappear after a period of intensified training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(5), Supplement abstract 158.

  36. SODIUM SUPPLEMENTATION DOES NOT PREVENT HYPONATREMIA

    Cianca, J., C., Chorley, J. N., Divine, J. G., & Hew, T. D. (2003). Sodium supplementation in marathon runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(5), Supplement abstract 1373.

  37. SPORT DRINK EFFECTS ARE SIMILAR FOR BOTH GENDERS

    Wingo, J. E., Cureton, K. J., Millard-Stafford, M. L., & Stueck, M. G. (2003). Effects of sport drink ingestion in male and female cyclists. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(5), Supplement abstract 1724.

  38. VENTILATORY BREAKPOINT MEASURED RELIABLY BY TWO RPE SCALES

    Jekal, Y-S., Aaron, D. J., Robertson, R. J., Nagle, E. F., & Pcsolyar, M. J. (2004). Perceived exertion at ventilatory breakpoint in adult females and males using the OMNI-cycle RPE Scale. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(5), Supplement abstract 822.

  39. PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH STRENGTH INCREASES

    Vukovich, M. D., Tausz, S. M., Ballard, T. L., Stevermer, C. L., Gerlach, A. M., Vander Weerd, M. K., Binkley, T. L., & Specker, B. L. (2004). Effect of protein supplementation during a 6-month strength and conditioning program on muscular strength. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(5), Supplement abstract 1368.

  40. FEMALES USE FAT BETTER AT VERY LOW EXERCISE INTENSITIES

    Kang, J., Hoffman, J., Ratamess, N., Faigenbaus, A., & Faalvo, M. (2005). Gender differences in fat utilization: Effect of exercise intensity. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(5), Supplement abstract 1418.

  41. ICE HOCKEY GAMES STRESS THE HEART MORE THAN PRACTICES

    Rundell, K. W., Judelson, D. A., & Speiring, B. A. (2002). An evaluation of cardiovascular demands and practice specificity in women’s ice hockey. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(5), Supplement abstract 879.

  42. CHO NOT PARTICULARLY USEFUL FOR WOMEN’S BASKETBALL

    Odland, L. M., & Johnson, S. W. (2002). Effects of carbohydrate ingestion on performance during a competitive “stop-and-go” sport (basketball). Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(5), Supplement abstract 1289.

  43. AEROBIC TRAINING ALTERS HEART RATE CHARACTERISTICS IN A MINOR WAY

    Pigozzi, F., Alabiso, A., Parisi, A., Di Salvo, V., Di Luigi, L., Spataro, A., & Iellamo, F. (2001). Effects of aerobic exercise training on 24 hr profile of heart rate variability in female athletes. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 41, 101-107.

  44. FEMALE ATHLETES TEND TO IRON DEFICIENCY

    Landahl, G., Borjesson, M., & Rodjer, S. (2003). Iron deficiency and anemia: A common problem among junior athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(5), Supplement abstract 692.

  45. FLUID INTAKE IS NOT AFFECTED BY MENSTRUAL CYCLE PHASE

    Ormerod, J. K., & Haymes, E. M. (2003). The effect of menstrual cycle phase on fluid intake during exercise in the heat. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(5), Supplement abstract 1103.

  46. MENSTRUAL CYCLE PHASE (LUTEAL) PROMOTES GREATER THERMOREGULATORY STRESS AND CARDIOVASCULAR STRAIN

    Tladi, D. M., Cosio-lima, L., Cayer, T. L., & Paolone, V. (2003). Effects of the menstrual cycle on the sweating response of women in a hot environment. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(5), Supplement abstract 1105.

  47. FEMALE RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN VO2max ARE ACCOUNTED FOR BY BLOOD AND MUSCLE FACTORS

    Roy, J. L., Hunter, G. R., McCarthy, J. P., Larson-Meyer, D. E., Newcomer, B. R., & Weinsier, R. L. (2003). Muscle and cardiovascular differences explain ethnic differences in VO2max. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(5), Supplement abstract 1258.

  48. TRAINING STATUS AND EXERCISE INTENSITY SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECT THE GH--IGF-I RESPONSE IN WOMEN

    Copeland, J. L., & Tremblay, M. S. (2003). Resistance training and the GH/IGF-I axis in women; Influence of age, estrogen, and training status. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(5), Supplement abstract 1363.

  49. ENDOGENOUS ANABOLIC HORMONE INCREASES WITH RESISTANCE TRAINING IN YOUNG FEMALES

    Aizawa, K., Akimoto, T., Inoue, H., Kimura, F., Joo, M. Murai, F., Mesaki, N., & Tanaka, K. (2003). Resting serum DHEAS level increases after weight-week resistance training among young females. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(5), Supplement abstract 2064.

  50. SODIUM BICARBONATE IMPROVES INTENSE EXERCISE ADAPTATION IN FEMALES

    Edge, J., Bishop, D., & Goodman, C. (2004). Chronic sodium bicarbonate ingestion affects training adaptations during severe exercise training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(5), Supplement abstract 1410.

    TRAINING

  51. STRENGTH TRAINING PROMOTES NEUROLOGICAL CHANGES THAT ARE GENDER SPECIFIC

    Visich, P., Thompson, B., & Gordon, P. (2003). Gender differences in strength gain following a resistance training program in the upper arm. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(5), Supplement abstract 1620.

  52. POWER IMPROVES AFTER POWER TRAINING, NOT STRENGTH TRAINING

    Fabian, N. M., Berning, J. M., Durham, M., Kipp, R., Wilson, M., & Adams, K. J. (2002). Consecutive strength and power mesocycles: The effects on power-endurance in strength trained women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(5), Supplement abstract 1109.

  53. COLLEGIATE SPORT PARTICIPATION DOES NOT IMPROVE LONG-TERM FITNESS OR PERFORMANCE

    Bracko, M. R. (2002). Effect of two season of play on Canadian female university hockey players. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(5), Supplement abstract 1117.

  54. SINGLE SETS AND EXHAUSTION IMPROVE STRENGTH

    Fincher II, G. E., & Goodson, T. L. (2002). The effect of high intensity resistance training on isotonic strength among female collegiate basketball players. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(5), Supplement abstract 1124.

  55. RESISTANCE AND SOCCER TRAINING PRODUCES PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENTS

    Zebis, M. K., Bangsbo, J. Suetta, C., Crameri, R., Kjaer, M., & Aagaard, P. (2002). Effects of heavy resistance training on muscle profile, strength and soccer performance in female elite soccer players. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(5), Supplement abstract 1126.

  56. POWER AND AGILITY ARE ONLY IMPROVED WITH POWER TRAINING, NOT WITH TRADITIONAL STRENGTH TRAINING

    Adams, K. J., Berning, J. M., Fabian, N., Durham, M., Harris, C., & Debeliso, M. (2002). Linear strength and power mesocycles - effects on agility and power in strength trained women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(5), Supplement abstract 1613.

  57. ECCENTRIC TRAINING PRODUCES FASTER STRENGTH GAINS THAN NORMAL TRAINING

    Hortobagyi, T., Devita, P., Money, J., & Barrier, J. (2001). Effects of standard and eccentric overload strength training in young women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33, 1206-1212.

  58. VARIED RESISTANCE TRAINING IS BENEFICIAL FOR WOMEN TENNIS PLAYERS

    Kraemer, W. J., Ratamess, N., Fry, A. C., Triplett-McBride, T., Koziris, P., Bauer, J. A., Lynch, J. M., & Fleck, S. J. (2000). Influence of resistance training volume and periodization on physiological and performance adaptations in collegiate women tennis players. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 28, 626-633.

  59. RESISTANCE TRAINING INEFFECTIVE FOR FEMALE ROWERS

    Koesterer, T. J., Mieggs, R. A., Hyland, P. J., Peterson, A. J., Braithwaite, R., & MacConnie, S. E. (2003). The effects of strength versus endurance resistance training programs on performance of female crew athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(5), Supplement abstract 1631.

  60. NASAL DILATORS DO NOT AFFECT LACTATE THRESHOLD

    Boggs, G. W., Ward, J. R., & Stavrianeas, S. (2003). Effects of an external nasal dilator on aerobic performance among college-age women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(5), Supplement abstract 2069.

  61. ACTIVE RECOVERY ACCELERATES LACTATE REMOVAL IN FEMALES

    Coffer, L. W., McCarthy, J. P., Miller, C. T., Neason, M. V., & Wyatt, F. B. (2003). The effects of active and passive recovery on blood lactate. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(5), Supplement abstract 2070.

  62. STATIC STRETCHING REDUCES ISOKINETIC PEAK TORQUE AND EMG AMPLITUDE

    Cramer, J. T., Housh, T. J., Johnson, G. O., Miller, J. M., & Coburn, J. W. (2003). The acute effects of static stretching on peak torque and EMG of the stretched and unstretched (contralateral) vastus lateralis muscles. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(5), Supplement abstract 2128.

  63. POST-EXERCISE MASSAGE REDUCES DOMS AND IMPROVES PERFORMANCE IN FEMALE ATHLETES

    Mancilelli, C. A., Brady, M., Hendershot, A., Smith, C., & Stuchell, A. (2004). Effects of massage on delayed onset muscle soreness and physical performance in female collegiate athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(5), Supplement abstract 1144.

  64. SHORT PERIOD ULTRA-SHORT TRAINING PRODUCES GREATER ENERGY EXPENDITURE THAN LONGER PERIODS

    Trapp, G., Boutcher, Y. N., & Boutcher, S. H. (2004). Oxygen uptake response to high intensity intermittent cycle exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(5), Supplement abstract 1900.

    PSYCHOLOGY

  65. FEMALE SWIMMERS ARE PSYCHOLOGICALLY DIFFERENT TO MALE SWIMMERS

    Tobar, D. A., & Morgan, W. P. (2002). Gender, trait anxiety and mood state responses to overtraining in college swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(5), Supplement abstract 905.

  66. SWIMMERS DROP OUT OF SWIMMING FOR A VARIETY OF REASONS

    Salguero, A. (2003). Identification of dropout reasons in young competitive swimmers. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 43, 530-534.

  67. BOYS AND GIRLS DIFFER IN SELF-EFFICACY AND PERCEIVED COMPETENCE WHEN RELATED TO GROSS MOTOR SKILLS

    Calabro, M. A., Waldron, J. J., Welk, G. J., Ihmels, M., & Cobby, R. (2005). Relationships between self-efficacy, perceived competence, and gross motor skills in children. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(5), Supplement abstract 943.

  68. MOOD DOES NOT REFLECT OVERUSE INJURED STATES

    Goodrich, D. E., & Raglin, J. S. (2002). Psychological and perceptual responses of overuse-injured and uninjured collegiate athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(5), Supplement abstract 1325.

  69. SOME PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS DO NOT DISCRIMINATE LEVELS OF HIGH-PERFORMING ATHLETES

    Miller, B. P., & Miller, A. J. (1985). Psychological correlates of success in elite sportswomen. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 16, 289-295.

  70. A NOTABLE PROPORTION OF HIGH SCHOOL FEMALE ATHLETES DISPLAY EATING DISORDERS

    Nicholls, J. F., Rauh, M. J., Lawson, M., Pernick, Y., & Hoskinson, M. (2004). The prevalence of disordered eating among adolescent female athletes in four high school sports. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(5), Supplement abstract 259.

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