Volume 5(5): March, 2000

THE FEMALE ATHLETE 2

This fifth issue of Volume 5 of Coaching Science Abstracts reviews articles concerned with characteristics of female athletes and differences between male and female athletes. It extends the concepts reported in Volume 2(5). It further justifies establishing different coaching and training programs for each gender.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

    PERFORMANCE

  1. MARATHON RUNNERS DIFFER IN BIOMECHANICAL PROPERTIES IN FATIGUE

    Dutton, D. J., Levy, M., Lee, K. K., Sidthalaw, S., & Smith, G. A. (1997). Effect of fatigue and gender on running mechanics. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 469.

  2. FEMALES DO NOT EXHAUST AS QUICKLY AT ALTITUDE AS DO MALES

    Fulco, C. S., Rock, P. B., Muza, S. R., Lammi, E., Moore, L. G., Beidleman, B. A., Lewis, S. G., & Cymerman, A. (1997). Adductor pollicis muscle fatigue in women during acute altitude exposure. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 776.

  3. FEMALES PERFORM BETTER IN ULTRA-DISTANCE RUNNING THAN SIMILAR MALES

    Speechly, D. P., Taylor, S. R., & Rogers, G. G. (1996). Differences in ultra-endurance exercise in performance-matched male and female runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 28, 359-365.

  4. PERFORMANCE FACTORS DIFFER BETWEEN ADOLESCENT BOYS AND GIRLS

    Bale, P., Mayhew, J. L., Piper, F. C., Ball, T. E., & Willman, M. K. (1992). Biological and performance variables in relation to age in male and female adolescent athletes. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 32, 142-148.

  5. FEMALE ROWERS TAX ANAEROBIC CAPACITY MAXIMALLY IN RACE SIMULATIONS

    Pripstein, L. P., & Coutts, K. (1997). Accumulated oxygen deficits among highly conditioned female rowers during a 2,000-meter race simulation. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 1253.

  6. POWER RACK MEASURES RELATED TO 25-YD SPRINTS IN FEMALES

    Boelk, A. G., Norton, J. P, Freeman, J. K., & Walker, A. J. (1997). Relationship of swimming power to sprint freestyle performance in females. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 1255.

  7. SWIMMING MUSCLE POWER MODERATELY RELATED TO 50-m SPRINT SPEED

    Hawley, J. A., Williams, M. M., Vickovic, M. M., & Handcock, P. J. (1992). Muscle power predicts freestyle swimming performance. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 26, 151-155.

  8. MALE BUOYANCY CHARACTERISTICS ARE NOT RELATED TO KICKING DIFFERENCES WHEN COMPARED TO FEMALES

    McLean, S.P., & Hinrichs, R.N. (1998). Sex differences in the center of buoyancy location of competitive swimmers. Journal of Sports Science, 16(4), 373-383.

  9. PHYSICAL CAPACITY DIFFERENCES IN CHILDREN OF EACH GENDER

    Blanksby, B. A., Bloomfield, J., Elliott, B. C., Ackland, T. R., & Morton, A. R. (1986). The anatomical and physiological characteristics of pre-adolescent males and females. Australian Pediatric Journal, 22, 177-180.

  10. PHYSICAL CAPACITIES OF YOUNG TENNIS PLAYERS

    Elliott, B. C., Ackland, T. R., Blanksby, B. A., & Bloomfield, J. (1990). A prospective study of physiological and kinanthropometric indicators of junior tennis performance. The Australian Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 22, 87-92.

  11. FEMALES FUNCTION MORE EFFICIENTLY THAN MALES IN ENDURANCE EVENTS

    Kimber, N. E., Ross, J. J., Mason, S. L., & Speedy, D. B. (1998). Performance differences and energy balance in matched male and female ironman triathletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 790.

  12. PERFORMANCES DECREASE IN THE PREMENSTRUAL PHASE

    Jacobson, B. H. Lentz, W., & Kulling, F. A. (1998). Strength and performance perception differences between four phases of the menstrual cycle. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 208.

  13. Lapeak AND AOD NOT RELATED TO 50 OR 500-YD PERFORMANCES

    Zoeller, R. F., Nagle, E. F., Moyna, N. M., Goss, F. L., Lephart, S. M., & Robertson, R. J. (1998). Anaerobic indices of freestyle swimming performance in trained adult female swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 280.

  14. SPORT PARTICIPATION DOES NOT AFFECT GROWTH

    Geithner, C. A., Satake, T., Woynarowska, B., & Malina, R. M. (1998). Sequence of growth spurts in specific dimensions in adolescents grouped by sport activity status. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 848.

  15. GIRLS RUN MORE ECONOMICALLY THAN BOYS AT SUBMAXIMAL SPEEDS

    Welsman, J. R., Armstrong, N., & Kirby, B. J. (1998). Submaximal oxygen uptake responses and maturation in 12 year-olds. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 851.

  16. WOMEN CAN IMPROVE IN STRENGTH AND POWER

    Tokeshi, S. A., Kraemer, W. J., Nindl, B. C., Gotshalk, L. A., Marx, J. O., Harman, F. S., Lamont, H. S., Sebastianelli, W. J., Putukian, Fleck, S., Newton, R. U., & Hakkinen, K. (1998). Power and strength in women: Adaptations following six months of resistance training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 937.

  17. ROWING ERGOMETER PERFORMANCES ARE RELATED TO AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC FACTORS

    Riechman, S. E., Zoeller, R. F., Balasekaran, G., Goss, F. L., & Robertson, R. J. (1998). Prediction of 2000 m rowing performance in females using indices of anaerobic and aerobic power. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1560.

  18. FEMALE DISTANCE RUNNERS ARE NEGATIVELY AFFECTED BY SUDDEN INCREASES IN WORKLOAD

    Sims, S. T., Brewer, B., Berger, J., & Headley, S. A. (1998). Metabolic and psychological responses of women endurance runners to high volume training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1565.

    PHYSIOLOGY

  19. FEMALES DO NOT RESPOND BENEFICIALLY TO CHO FEEDING

    Jarvis, A. T., Felix, S. D., Sims, S., Coughlin, M., Jones, M. T., & Headley, S. A. (1997). The effect of carbohydrate feeding on the sprint performance of female cyclists following 50 minutes of high intensity exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 723.

  20. FEMALES DO NOT BENEFIT FROM INGESTING SOLID FIBER AND CHO FOOD

    Kirwan, J. P., O'Gorman, D., Campbell, D., Yarasheski, K. E., & Evans, W. J. (1997). Effects of a pre-exercise breakfast cereal on exercise performance and glucose production. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 726.

  21. LIMITED ENERGY INTAKE IN WOMEN LIMITS EXERCISE OUTPUT

    Davis, S. E., Fritsch, L. T., Thomas, E. A., Sebolt, D. R., & Wagner, T. L. (1997). Effects of chronic sub-optimal energy intake on constant-load exercise in young women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 730.

  22. MEASURES OF OXYGEN COST ARE NOT LINEARLY RELATED TO WORK RATE

    Londeree, B. R., Moffitt-Gerstenberger, J., Padfield, J. A., & Lottmann, D. (1997). Oxygen consumption of cycle ergometry is nonlinearly related to work rate and pedal rate. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29, 775-780.

  23. FEMALES AFFECTED LESS BY ALTITUDE THAN MALES

    Robergs, R. A., Quintana, R., Parker, D., & Frankel, C. C. (1997). Gender specific decrement in VO2max with increasing hypobaric hypoxia. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 777.

  24. ALTITUDE INFLUENCES LACATATE KINETICS IN FEMALES

    Quintana, R., Robergs, R. A., Parker, D., & Frankel, C. C. (1997). Gender specific changes in the lactate threshold with increasing hypobaric hypoxia. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 774.

  25. WOMEN FUEL EXERCISE AT ALTITUDE DIFFERENTLY TO MEN

    Braum, B., Butterfield, G. E., Mawson, J. T., Muza, S., Dominick, B. S., Rock, P. B., & Moore, L. G. (1997). Women at altitude: Substrate oxidation during steady-state exercise at sea level and after acclimatization to 4300 meters elevation. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 784.

  26. ANAEROBIC FUNCTION DURING GROWTH

    Armstrong, N., & Welsman, J. (1997). Children in sport and exercise: Bioenergetics and anaerobic exercise. British Journal of Physical Education, 28(1), 3-6.

  27. AEROBIC FUNCTION DURING GROWTH

    Armstrong, N., & Welsman, J. (1997). Children in sport and exercise. British Journal of Physical Education, 28(2), 4-6.

  28. FURTHER PROBLEMS WITH MEASURING EXCESS POST-EXERCISE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION

    O'Malley, W. L., Quinn, T. J., Kertzer, R. & Vroman, N. B. (1977). Effects of exercise modality on excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) in female runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 1109.

  29. WOMEN FATIGUE DIFFERENTLY TO MEN IN A 5 KM RUN

    Thomas, D. Q., Granat, H., & Fernhall, B. (1997). Factors related to changes in running economy during a 5 km run differ among men and women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 1154.

  30. AEROBIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANOE/KAYAK RACES

    Byrnes, W. C., & Kearney, J. T. (1997). Aerobic and anaerobic contributions during simulated canoe/kayak sprint events. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 1256.

  31. EFFECTS OF SWIMMING ON ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASURES AND FAT ACCUMULATION

    Avlonitou, E., Georgiou, E., Douskas, G., & Louizi, A. (1997). Estimation of body composition in competitive swimmers by means of three different techniques. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 18, 363-368.

  32. SPORT PARTICIPATION AFFECTS BONE DENSITY IN WOMEN

    Emslander, H. C., Sinaki, M., Muhs, J. M., Chao, E. Y., Wahner, H. W., Bryant S C., Riggs, B. L., & Eastell, R. (1998). Bone mass and muscle strength in female college athletes (runners and swimmers). Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 73(12), 1151-1160.

  33. FEMALE ENDURANCE RUNNERS USE A GREATER PROPORTION OF THEIR ANAEROBIC CAPACITY THAN MALES

    Sucec, A. A., Burks, J., Buffington, S., & Trone, D. (1998). Gender differences in the ability to sustain large fractions of anaerobic velocity in endurance runs. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 618.

  34. MILD HYPOHYDRATION DOES NOT AFFECT PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASURES IN COMFORTABLE ENVIRONMENTS

    Kenefick, R. W., Mattern, C. O., Mahood, N. V., Anderson, S. E., Degroot, D. W., & Kertzer, R. (1998). The effect of hydration state on lactic acid threshold in highly trained males and females. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 627.

  35. SUBMAXIMAL AEROBIC AND LACTATE TESTING NOT USEFUL FOR ROWERS

    Hahn, A. G., Ryan-Tanner, R., Lawton, E. W., & Pierce, S. J. (1998). Correlation between submaximal and maximal oxygen consumption in internationally successful rowers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 284.

  36. SOFTBALL PLAYERS' PHYSICAL PERFORMANCES NOT AFFECTED BY CREATINE SUPPLEMENTATION

    Miszko, T. A., Baer, J. T., & Vanderburgh, P. M. (1998). The effect of creatine loading on body mass and vertical jump in female athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 800.

  37. BODY COMPOSITION PARTIALLY CONTRIBUTES TO POWER DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE GENDERS

    Dore, E., Bedu, M., & Van Praagh, E. (1998). Anaerobic power output: Sex-related developmental changes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 843.

  38. FEMALE GYMNASTS ARE MOSTLY NORMAL

    Horea, J. H., & Berning, J. (1998). Bone mineral density, dietary habits, and menstrual status in young gymnasts. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 868.

  39. BLOOD AND HORMONAL FACTORS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH ELITE FEMALE TRAINING RESPONSES

    VanHeest, J. L., & Ratliff, K. (1998). Hematological and hormonal changes in elite female swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 986.

  40. FEMALES DO NOT BENEFIT FROM FAT-RICH AND CHO-RICH DIETS

    Titchenal, C. A., Graybill-Yuen, R. B., Yuen, K. Q., Ho, K. W., & Hetzler, R. K. (1998). Effects of a fat-rich diet on maximal oxygen uptake and time-to-exhaustion in female triathletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1141.

  41. WOMEN ADAPT TO HEAT DIFFERENTLY TO GIRLS

    Seifert, J. G., & Seabright, J. (1998). Heat acclimation rates in prepubescent and adult females. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1267.

  42. GENDER DIFFERENCES IN HEART RATE EXIST IN LOW FITNESS MIDDLE-AGED GROUPS

    Stears, A., Miller, D., Keuhl, K., Moe, E., Goldberg, L., & Elliot, D. (1998). Gender differences in maximal heart rate among various fitness categories. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1377.

  43. AEROBIC WORK NOT AFFECTED BY ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES OR NORMAL CYCLES

    Lynch, N. J., & Nimmo, M. A. (1998). Effects of menstrual cycle phase and oral contraceptive use on intermittent high-intensity exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1463.

  44. FEMALE SOCCER PLAYERS GET AN ANAEROBIC BOOST FROM CREATINE

    Larson, D. E., Hunter, G. R., Trowbridge, C. A., Turk, J. C., Harbin, P. A., & Torman, S. L. (1998). Creatine supplementation and performance during off-season training in female soccer players. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1504.

  45. FEMALE SWIMMERS DO NOT BENEFIT FROM CREATINE BUT MALES DO OVER A LIMITED RANGE OF TRAINING DISTANCES

    Jacobs, K. A., Leenders, N. Y., Sherman, W. M., Nelson, T. E., Lamb, D. R., & Miller, E. C. (1998). Creatine (Cr) supplementation and swimming. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1506.

  46. THE WINGATE TEST NEEDS TO BE MODIFIED TO GAIN MAXIMUM RESULTS

    Sidner, A. B., & Borsa, P. A. (1998). Effects of high resistances on anaerobic power and capacity in elite power-trained females. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1559.

  47. CHILDREN OF BOTH GENDERS HAVE SIMILAR ANAEROBIC CAPACITIES

    Riner, W. F., McCarthy, M. L., DeCillis, L. V., & Ward, D. S. (1998). Anaerobic performance in girls and boys, aged 7 to 10 years. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1728.

    TRAINING

  48. SLEEP IS A MAJOR FACTOR THAT VARIES WITH EXERCISE WORKLOADS

    Taylor, S. R., Rogers, G. G., & Driver, H. S. (1997). Effects of training volume on sleep, psychological, and selected physiological profiles of elite female swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29, 688-693.

  49. BOYS AND GIRLS RESPOND TO TRAINING DIFFERENTLY

    Rocha, J. R., Matsudo, S. M, Figueira, A. J., & Matsudo, V. K. (1997). Training program effect after detraining in young athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 987.

  50. A SEASON OF BASKETBALL DOES NOT IMPROVE PHYSIOLOGICAL FITNESS

    Kleinschmidt, L. A., Butts, N. K., Kennedy, C., Meyer, J., & Mowbray, R. (1997). Physiological alterations during a basketball season in college women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 1283.

  51. SPRINT TRAINING AS GOOD AS "REACTION COACH" TRAINING

    Sharin, M., Zanelli, A., Wygand, J., & Otto, R. M. (1997). The effect of reaction training vs sprints training on speed and power. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 1497.

  52. LEG-STRENGTH TRAINING DOES NOT IMPROVE ENDURANCE CYCLING

    Bishop, D., Jenkins, D. J., Mackinnon, L. T., Carey, M. F., & McEniery, M. (1977). The influence of resistance training on endurance performance in female endurance cyclists. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 1502.

  53. PHYSICAL EDUCATION CLASSES ARE NOT AN AVENUE FOR IMPROVING AEROBIC FITNESS IN FEMALE STUDENTS

    Crowhurst, M. E., Morrow, J. R. Jr., Pivarnik, J. M., & Brieker, J. T. (1993). Determination of the aerobic benefit of selected physical education activities. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 64, 223-226.

  54. WOMEN AND MEN RESPOND TO STRENGTH TRAINING SIMILARLY

    O'Hagan, F. T., Sale, D. G., MacDougall, J. D., & Garner, S. H. (1995). Response to resistance training in young women and men. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 16, 314-321.

  55. HEAVY STRENGTH TRAINING HARDER FOR MEN THAN WOMEN

    Hakkinen, K. (1992). Neuromuscular responses in male and female athletes to two successive strength training sessions in one day. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 32, 234-242.

  56. SPRINTERS' STRENGTH TRAINING HAS TO BE MAXIMALLY EXPLOSIVE

    Young, W., McLean, B., & Ardanga, J. (1995). Relationship between strength qualities and sprinting performance. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 35, 13-19.

  57. LACTATE THRESHOLD IS TOO LOW FOR A SUITABLE TRAINING INTENSITY FOR AEROBIC CYCLISTS

    Nicholls, J. F., Phares, S. L., & Buono, M. J. (1997). Relationship between blood lactate response to exercise and endurance performance in competitive female master cyclists. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 18, 458-463.

  58. TECHNIQUE EMPHASIS HELPS POWER AND PERFORMANCE

    Hewett, T. E., Stroupe, A. L., Nance, T. A., & Noyes, F. R. (1996). Plyometric training in female athletes. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 24, 765-772.

  59. FAST STRENGTH ACTIVITIES BETTER THAN SLOW

    Morrissey, M. C., Harman, E. A., Frykman, P. N., & Han, K. H. (1998). Early phase differential effects of slow and fast barbell squat training. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 26, 221-230.

  60. A TWO-WEEK TAPER IS BEST FOR FEMALE SWIMMERS

    Kenitzer, R. F. (1998). Optimal taper period in female swimmers based on blood lactate concentrations and performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 611.

  61. ONCE GROWTH HAS CEASED ENERGY CAPACITIES ARE FIXED AND NOT ALTERED BY TRAINING

    Novitsky, S. A. (1998). No change in energy systems power rate production constants over a competitive swimming season. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 613.

  62. ONE-LEG PLYOMETRIC TRAINING IS BETTER THAN TWO-LEG TRAINING FOR A VERTICAL JUMP

    Delcore, G., Mathieu, W., Salazar, W., & Hernandez, J. (1998). Comparison between one-leg and two-leg plyometric training on vertical jump performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 615.

  63. YOUNG GIRLS IMPROVE AFTER STRENGTH TRAINING

    Pohlman, R. L., & Isaacs, L. D. (1998). Effects of resistance training on concentric isokinetic knee extension in prepubescent females. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 842.

  64. IF TRAINING FOR STRENGTH OVER A LONG TIME, USE THREE SETS INSTEAD OF ONE

    Marx, J. O., Kraemer, W. J., Nindl, B. C., Gotshalk, L. A., Duncan, N. D., Volek, J. S., Hakkinen, K., & Newton, R. U. (1998). The effect of periodization and volume of resistance training in women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 935.

  65. SELF-SET STRENGTH TRAINING INTENSITIES ARE LIKELY TO BE TOO LIGHT IRRESPECTIVE OF GENDER

    Glass, S. C., & Stanton, D. R. (1998). Self-selected weight training intensity among untrained men and women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1218.

  66. MALES AND FEMALES IMPROVE AT THE SAME RATE IN DISTANCE RUNNING

    Sparting, P. B., O'Donnell, E. M., & Snow, T. K. (1999). The sex difference in distance running has plateaued: An analysis of world rankings. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1562.

  67. BOYS INCREASE MEAN POWER MORE THAN GIRLS BETWEEN 12 AND 13 YEARS

    Armstrong, N., Welsman, J. R., Kirby, B. J., & Williams, C. A. (1998). Longitudinal changes in Wingate Anaerobic Test performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1729.

    PSYCHOLOGY

  68. ORAL CONTRACEPTION AND COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE IN EXERCISE

    Otterstetter, R., Kamimori, G. H., Lyden, A. K., Balkin, T. J., Brown, D. A., & Davis, H. Q. (1997). Effect of menstrual cycle and oral contraceptive use on cognitive performance during exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 691.

  69. ANXIETY HELPED BY SMALL AMOUNTS OF EXERCISE

    Butki, B. D., & Rudolph, D. L. (1997). Do short bouts of exercise reduce anxiety? Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 674.

  70. GENDER DIFFERENT RESPONSES UNDER DIFFERENT FORMS OF ATTENTIONAL FOCUS

    Wrisberg, C. A., Franks, B. D., Birdwell, M. W., & High, D. M. (1988). Physiological and psychological responses to exercise with an induced attentional focus. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 66, 603-616.

  71. MEN HAVE HIGHER PAIN THRESHOLDS BUT BOTH GENDERS GET 'TOUGHER' AS A WEIGHT TRAINING SESSION PROGRESSES

    Arbogast, R. W., Koltyn, K. F., Goggin, N. L., & Jackson, A. W. (1997). Influence of gender and a weight training session on pain perception. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 1219.

  72. LACTATE AND PERCEIVED EXERTION INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT FACTORS

    Nau, K. L., Foster, E. S., Lindsey, K. R., Moritz, A. S., Summers, C. A., & Potteiger, J. A. (1997). Blood lactate concentration and perceived exertion differ after equivalent isokinetic work at three velocities. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 1220.

  73. RATINGS OF PERCEIVED EXERTION ARE SPECIFIC TO EACH TYPE OF EXERCISE

    Peoples, J. A., Robertson, R. J., Thompson, P. D., Millich, N. B., Goss, F. L., & Moyna, N. M. (1997). Cross-modal comparison of percent peak oxygen uptake at fixed levels of perceived exertion. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 1223.

  74. MEN TOLERATE HIGHER LEVELS OF PAIN THAN WOMEN

    Koltyn, K. F., Focht, B. C., Ancker, J. M., & Pasley, J. (1998). The effect of time of day and gender on pain perception and selected psychobiological responses. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 30.

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