Volume 14(3): November, 2008

FUEL AND ERGOGENIC AIDS 5.2 - GENERAL

This third issue of Volume 14 of Coaching Science Abstracts reviews articles concerned with fuel and ergogenic aids. Previous articles on these topics are contained in Volume 2(3), Volume 5(3), Volume 8(3), and Volume 11(3). This issue is divided into the subsections of general dietary implications, carbohydrates, caffeine, and other substances.

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    TABLE OF CONTENTS

    GENERAL DIETARY IMPLICATIONS

  1. RECOVERY PROCEDURES DO NOT AFFECT SWIMMERS' RECOVERY

    Al Nawaiseh, A. M., Bishop, P., Pritchett, R. C., Porter, S., & McIlquham. (2005). Short-term recovery – Impact of antioxidant vitamins, protein supplement, Ibuprofen, and ice. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(5), Supplement abstract 239.

  2. ABILITY TO USE FAT AS FUEL IS IMPORTANT FOR MARATHON RUNNING

    Koscki, A. M., & Faria, I. E. (2005). The relationship between fat oxidation and marathon running performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(5), Supplement abstract 158.

  3. LOW-FAT DIETS DO NOT AFFECT PERFORMANCE BUT DO AFFECT OTHER FACTORS

    Larson-Meyer, D. E., Russell, R. D., & Ravussin, E. (2005). Effect of dietary fat on endurance performance and cardiovascular risk factors in runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(5), Supplement abstract 1420.

  4. RESISTANCE TRAINING IS ENHANCED WITH IMMEDIATE PRE- AND POST-TRAINING SUPPLEMENT INGESTION

    Cribb, P. J., & Hayes, A. (2005). The effect of supplement timing on muscle fiber characteristics, strength, and body composition during resistance training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(5), Supplement abstract 2188.

  5. FEMALES USE FAT BETTER AT VERY LOW EXERCISE INTENSITIES

    Kang, J., Hoffman, J., Ratamess, N., Faigenbaus, A., & Faalvo, M. (2005). Gender differences in fat utilization: Effect of exercise intensity. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(5), Supplement abstract 1418.

  6. GENDER DIFFERENCES IN FUEL UTILIZATION NOT EVIDENT IN ADOLESCENTS

    Riddell, M C., Timmons, B. W., & Bar-Or, O. (2006). No sex differences in substrate utilization during exercise in healthy adolescents. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(5), Supplement abstract 1398.

  7. GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE RESPONSES TO ENDURANCE EXERCISE

    Vislocky, L. M., Gaine, P. C., Martin, W. F., Pikosky, M. A., & Rodriguez, N. R. (2006). Gender differences in plasma substrates and hormones in response to endurance exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(5), Supplement abstract 1989.

  8. ENDURANCE WORK IS MORE CATABOLIC IN FEMALES THAN MALES

    Rodriguez, N. R., Gaine, P. C., Pikosky, M. A., Martin, W. F., Vislocky, L. M., Bolster, D. R., Ferrando, A. A., & Wolfe, R. R. (2007). Gender comparisons of skeletal muscle protein turnover following an endurance exercise bout. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(5), Supplement abstract 1984.

  9. VITAMINS AND MINERALS IN SPORT

    Williams, M. H. (2004). Dietary supplements and sports performance: Introduction and vitamins. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 1(2), 1-6.

  10. ATP UTILIZATION UNAFFECTED BY PRE-EXERCISE MEALS

    Sparks, S. A., Bridge, N. E., Cable, N. T., Doran, D. A., & McLaren, D. P. (2006). The effect of pre-exercise dietary manipulation on ATP utilization and metabolism during simulated duathlon performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(5), Supplement abstract 1982.

  11. OVERTRAINING RELATED TO INSUFFICIENT ENERGY INTAKE

    Van Rensberg, D. J. (2007). Differences in nutritional intake between overtrained and non-overtrained athletes. ACSM Annual Meeting New Orleans, Presentation Number, 1579.

    CARBOHYDRATES

  12. FEELINGS MIRROR CHO SUPPLEMENTATION, THERMAL STRESS, AND PERFORMANCE

    Holt, C., Bailey, S. P., Pfluger, K. C., Bartlett, S., Stripling, R., & Hall, E. E. (2006). Impact of carbohydrate supplementation on perceptual and affective responses to prolonged exercise in the heat. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(5), Supplement abstract 2008.

  13. ENERGY DRINK DOES NOT AFFECT AEROBIC PERFORMANCE

    Umana-Alvarado, M., & Moncada-Jiminez, J. (2005). The effect of an energy drink on cycling performance in male athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(5), Supplement abstract 207.

  14. HIGH ENERGY DRINK DOES NOT AFFECT ANAEROBIC WORK

    Pasiakos, S. M., Petrancosta, R., Wygand, J., & Otto, R. M. (2005). The effect of commercial energy drink on repeated high intensity anaerobic cycling exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(5), Supplement abstract 237.

  15. CHO-ELECTROLYTE CONSUMPTION DURING AN ENDURANCE RUN RENDERS PRE-EXERCISE MEALS INCONSEQUENTIAL

    Wong, S. H., Chan, C. O., & Chen, Y. J. (2005). Pre-exercise glycemic index meal: Effect on running performance when carbohydrate-electrolyte solution is consumed during exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(5), Supplement abstract 1602.

  16. CHO-FLUID CONSUMPTION DURING A BASKETBALL GAME PRODUCES MARGINAL PERFORMANCE EFFECTS

    Odland, M., Rabe, J. B., Elliott, J. J., & Johnson, S. E. (2005). Effect of rehydration and carbohydrate ingestion on physical, skilled, and cognitive performance during basketball. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(5), Supplement abstract 1605.

  17. CARBOHYDRATE DRINKS ARE BEST FOR POWER PRODUCTION

    Crawford, G. E., Miller, G. S., Womack, J. W., Green, J. S., & Crouse, S. F. (2006). Effect of carbohydrate and carbohydrate-protein supplementation on power performance in collegiate football players. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(5), Supplement abstract 1991.

  18. CARBOHYDRATE DRINKS DO NOT IMPROVE RUNNING PERFORMANCE

    Umana-Alvarado, M., Solera-Herrera, A., & Moncada-Jiménez, J. (2006). Effect of three different drinks on physical variables in male athletes, during a running trial. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(5), Supplement abstract 2235.

  19. MULTIPLE-CARBOHYDRATE DRINKS HASTEN FLUID DELIVERY

    Currel, K., Urch, J., Cerri, E., Jentjens, R. L., Blannin, A. K., Jeukendrup, A. E. (2006). Increased fluid delivery from drinks with multiple transportable carbohydrates. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(5), Supplement abstract 730.

  20. GALACTOSE DRINK ENHANCES ENDURANCE PERFORMANCE MORE THAN OTHER CARBOHYDRATE DRINKS

    King, R. F., O'Hara, J. P., & Carlton, C. B. (2006). Effects of pre-exercise ingestion of galactose, glucose, and fructose on endurance performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(5), Supplement abstract 736.

  21. CARBOHYDRATE INGESTION DURING WORK SAVES MUSCLE GLYLCOGEN AND FUELS EXERCISE BETTER THAN NO INGESTION

    Harger-Domitrovich, S. G., McClaughry, A. E., Gaskill, S. E., & Ruby, B. C. (2007). Exogenous carbohydrate spares muscle glycogen in men and women during 10 h of exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39, 2171-2179.

  22. CARBOHYDRATE-ELECTROLYTE SUPPLEMENT SUSTAINS SKILL PERFORMANCE IN CARBOHYDRATE-DEPLETED SOCCER PLAYERS

    Ali, A., Williams, C., Nicholas, C. W., & Foskett, A. (2007). The influence of carbohydrate-electrolyte ingestion on soccer skill performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39, 1969-1976.

  23. NONFAT MILK + CEREAL IS A BETTER RECOVERY SUPPLEMENT THAN A CARBOHYDRATE DRINK

    Kammer, L., Ivy, J. L., Ding, Z., Wang, B., Hara, D., & Liao, H. (2007). Effects of cereal and nonfat milk vs. traditional sports drink on muscle recovery following exercise. ACSM Annual Meeting New Orleans, Presentation Number, 1773.

  24. CARBOHYDRATE-ELECTROLYTE INGESTION IMPROVES ENDURANCE IN ALREADY CARBOHYDRATE LOADED RUNNERS

    Foskett, A., Williams, C., Boobis, L., Txintzas, K. (2008). Carbohydrate availability and muscle energy metabolism during intermittent running. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 40, 96-103.

  25. CARBOHYDRATES BENEFIT YOUNG BOYS' PERFORMANCE

    Riddell, M. C., Timmons, B. W., & Bar-Or, O. (2005). Exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during exercise in boys: Influence of age and puberty. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(5), Supplement abstract 1618.

  26. CHO MEALS BEFORE EXERCISE DO NOT INFLUENCE TIME TO FATIGUE

    Gyorkos, A. M., Michael, T. J., Cheatham, C. C., & Ricard, M. D. (2006). The effect of glycemic index and timing of meal on exercise to fatigue. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(5), Supplement abstract 1401.

  27. GLUCOSE AND TREHALOSE HAVE NO ERGOGENIC BENEFITS FOR EXTENSIVE CYCLING

    Shafat, A., Allen, R., Dunne, D., & Clegg, M. (2007). Water, trehalose, or glucose drinks as ergogenic nutrients in cycling. ACSM Annual Meeting New Orleans, Presentation Number, 905.

  28. FEMALES BENEFIT FROM CHO FEEDING IN VERY LONG EXERCISES

    McClaughry, A. C., Harger, S., Gaskill, S. E., & Ruby, B. C. (2005). Effects of carbohydrate feeding on muscle glycogen and substrate oxidation during extended exercise in females. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(5), Supplement abstract 1613.

  29. SUBSTRATE UTILIZATION SIMILAR BETWEEN GENDERS IN LONG-DURATION EXERCISE

    Harger, S. G., McClaughry, A. E., Gaskill, S. E., & Ruby, B. C. (2006). Effects of carbohydrate supplementation in men and women during long duration exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(5), Supplement abstract 1397.

  30. CARBOHYDRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IMPROVES ENDURANCE PERFORMANCE IN FEMALES

    Welsch, E. A., Sedlock, D. A., Flynn, M. G., Glenn, J., & Park, K.-S. (2006). Carbohydrate supplementation during prolonged intermittent exercise in women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(5), Supplement abstract 1400.

  31. GLYCEMIC INDEX DEFINED

    Definition by Brent S. Rushall.

  32. GLYCEMIC INDEX AND LOAD OF PRE-PERFORMANCE MEALS NOT RELATED TO ENDURANCE RUNNING TIMES

    Huang, Y. J., Chen, Y. J., Wong, S. H., Wong, C. K., & Li, P. W. (2006). Pre-exercise meals with different glycemic index and glycemic load on metabolic responses and endurance performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(5), Supplement abstract 733.

  33. BRANCHED-CHAIN AMINO ACID PLUS CARBOHYDRATE SUPPLEMENTATION HAS THE SAME EFFECT ON ENDURANCE CYCLING AS CARBOHYDRATE ALONE

    Skillen, R., Casazza, G. A., Testa, M., Applegate, E., & Heiden, E. A. (2006). Branched chain amino acid supplementation and exercise performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(5), Supplement abstract 1986.

  34. CARBOHYDRATE AND NOT PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED STRENGTH AND MUSCLE SIZE DURING RESISTANCE TRAINING

    Oliveira, P. V., Baptista, L., Moreira, F., Vieira, Pl, & Lancha Jr., A. H. (2005). Correlation among muscle mass, strength, and cross sectional muscle area according to carbohydrate and protein supplementation. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(5), Supplement abstract 208.

  35. CARBOHYDRATE PLUS PROTEIN IS EQUALLY EFFECTIVE AS CARBOHYDRATE FOR RESTORING ENDURANCE CAPACITY

    Betts, J. A., Duffy, K., Gunner, F., & Williams, C. (2005). Recovery of endurance running capacity following ingestion of carbohydrate plus protein. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(5), Supplement abstract 2187.

  36. CARBOHYDRATE-PROTEIN BEVERAGE REDUCES MUSCLE DAMAGE AND IMPROVES MUSCLE FUNCTION

    St. Laurent, T. G., Todd, M. K., Saunders, M. J., Valentine, R., & Flohr, J. A. (2006). Carbohydrate-protein beverage improves muscle damage and function versus isocarbohydrate and isocaloric carbohydrate-only beverages. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(5), Supplement abstract 1993.

  37. CARBOHYDRATE+PROTEIN MIGHT REDUCE SOME MUSCLE SORENESS

    Luden, N. D., Saunders, M. J., Pratt, C. A., Bickford, A. S., Todd, K., & Flohr, J. A. (2006). Effects of a six-day carbohydrate/protein intervention on muscle damage, soreness, and performance in runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(5), Supplement abstract 1995. -.

  38. CARBOHYDRATE+PROTEIN BEVERAGES HAVE A METABOLIC BENEFIT

    Valentine, R. J., St. Laurent, T. G., Saunders, M. J., Todd, M. K., & Flohr, J. A. (2006). Comparison of responses to exercise when consuming carbohydrate and carbohydrate/protein beverages. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(5), Supplement abstract 1996.

  39. CARBOHYDRATE+PROTEIN DOES NOT INFLUENCE MUSCLE SORENESS AND LOSS OF STRENGTH AFTER RESISTANCE EXERCISE

    White, J., Austrin, K., Breer, B., St. John, N., & Patton, L. (2006). Effect of carbohydrate-protein supplement timing on exercise-induced muscle damage. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(5), Supplement abstract 1997.

  40. PROTEIN/CARBOHYDRATE GEL IS BENEFICIAL FOR MAINTAINING TRAINING PERFORMANCES

    Seifert, J. G., & McKenzie, R. (2007). A carbohydrate/protein energy gel improves swimming performance in collegiate swimmers. ACSM Annual Meeting New Orleans, Presentation Number, 2061.

  41. PROTEIN ADDED TO CARBOHYDRATE IMPROVES RECOVERY

    Rossiter, A., Jakeman, P., O'Sullivan, A. J., & Dunne, C. (2007). Post-exercise feeding of carbohydrate-protein beverages on subsequent endurance performance. ACSM Annual Meeting New Orleans, Presentation Number, 2064.

  42. HIGH-CARBOHYDRATE DIET IMPROVES FITNESS AND MUSCLE SIZE

    Toma, K., Werner, T., Hikida, R. S., Gilders, R. M., Staron, R. S., Roe, R. M., & Hagerman, F. C. (2007). High-carbohydrate versus high-protein, low-carbohydrate diets on high-intensity aerobic training. ACSM Annual Meeting New Orleans, Presentation Number, 2254.

  43. PROTEIN ENHANCES THE ERGOGENIC EFFECTS OF CARBOHYDRATE SOLUTIONS

    Moore, R. W., Saunders, M. J., Pratt, C. A., Hammer, M. C., Lehman, K. L., Todd, M. K., Flohr, J. A., & Kies, A. K. (2007). Improved time to exhaustion with carbohydrate-protein hydrolysate beverage. ACSM Annual Meeting New Orleans, Presentation Number, 904.

    CAFFEINE

  44. ADDED CAFFEINE INCREASES THE ERGOGENIC EFFECTS OF CARBOHYDRATE-ELECTROLYTES

    Ganio, M. S., Klau, J. F., Yeargin, S. W., McDermott, B. P., Maresh, C. B., & Armstrong, L. E. Effect of a caffeinated carbohydrate-electrolyte fluid on cycling performance and leg maximal voluntary contraction. ACSM Annual Meeting New Orleans, Presentation Number, 903.

    OTHER SUBSTANCES

  45. BETAINE SUPPLEMENTATION DID NOT IMPROVE CYCLING PERFORMANCE

    Millard-Stafford, M., Warren, G. L., Hitchcock, K. M., Welling, R. I., Rosskopf, L. B., & Snow, T. K. (2005). Fluid replacement in the heat: Effects of Betaine. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(5), Supplement abstract 164.

  46. BETWEEN INNINGS BREAKS IN PITCHING ARE HARMFUL TO PERFORMANCE

    Nagatomi, R., Tanabe, K., Sakurai, M., Nakajima, Y., Fujimoto, T., Nagamatsu, T., & Hamada, K. (2005). Supplementation of branched-chain amino acids counteracts the reduction in throwing speed of baseball pitchers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(5), Supplement abstract 1838.

  47. OXYGENATED WATER IS NOT ERGOGENIC

    Mielke, M., OKroy, J., Torok, D., & Zoeller, R. (2005). Oxygenated water does not improve endurance exercise performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(5), Supplement abstract 228.

  48. ECHINACEA STIMULATES SIGNIFICANT EPO INCREASES

    Whitehead, M. T., Martin, T. D., Webster, M. J., & Scheett, T. P. (2005). Two weeks of oral Echinacea supplementation significantly increases circulating erythropoietin. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(5), Supplement abstract 231.

  49. ECHINACEA SUPPLEMENTATION INCREASES ERYTHROPOIETIN

    Whitehead, M. T., (2006). The effect of four weeks of Echinacea supplementation on erythropoietin and indices of erythropoietic status. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(5), Supplement abstract 2256.

  50. ECHINACEA INCREASES ERYTHROPOIETIN, VO2max, AND RUNNING ECONOMY

    Whitehead, M. T., Martin, T. D., Webster, M. J., & Scheett, T. P. (2007). Improved running economy and maximal oxygen consumption after 4-weeks of oral Echinacea supplementation. ACSM Annual Meeting New Orleans, Presentation Number, 908.

  51. CARBON MONOXIDE POLLUTION REDUCES SUBMAXIMAL PERFORMANCE

    Lee, D. T., Seo, Y. S., & Kim, W. J. (2005). Combined effects of carbon monoxide inhalation and heat exposure on respiration and muscular metabolism during fast walking. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(5), Supplement abstract 998.

  52. L-CARNITANE SUPPLEMENTATION INCREASES TESTOSTERONE LEVELS AND ANDROGEN RECEPTOR CONTENT

    Spiering, B. A., Kraemer, W. J., Volek, J. S., Ratmess, N. A., VanHeest, J. L., Sharman, M. J., Rubin, M. R., French, D. N., Judelson, D. A., & Maresh, C. A. (2005). Testosterone and androgen receptor responses to resistance exercise: Effects of L-carnitane supplementation. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(5), Supplement abstract 1245.

  53. SODIUM SUPPLEMENTATION UNNECESSARY IN CORRECTLY HYDRATED TRIATHLETES

    Hew-Butler, T. D., Sharwood, K., Speedy, D. B., Collins, M., & Noakes, T. D. (2005). Ad libitum sodium ingestion does not influence serum sodium concentrations during an Ironman triathlon. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(5), Supplement abstract 1829.

  54. SODIUM INTAKE PREVENTS HYPONATREMIA

    Kavouras, S. A., Arnaoutis, G., Gioxari, A., Kollia, M., Anastasiou, C. A., & Sidossis, L. S. (2006). Sodium intake during prolonged exercise in the heat may prevent hyponatremia. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(5), Supplement abstract 1506.

  55. SODIUM INTAKE IMPORTANT WHEN EXERCISING IN THE HEAT

    Stofan, J. R., Stover, E. A., Lovett, S. C., Horswill, C. A., & Murray, R. (2006). A carbohydrate-electrolyte drink attenuates decline in blood sodium during prolonged exercise in the heat. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(5), Supplement abstract 1507.

  56. BCAA SUPPLEMENTATION REDUCES MUSCLE SORENESS AND FATIGUE

    Koba, T., Hamada, K., Sakurai, M., Matsumoto, K., Higuchi, T., Zhao, M., & Miyata, H. (2006). BCAA supplement attenuates muscle soreness and serum tissue damage markers during an intensive training program. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(5), Supplement abstract 1988.

  57. WHEY PROTEIN CONSUMPTION POTENTIALLY FACILITATES ANABOLIC METABOLISM

    Kern, M., Bertram, B., & Milks, T. (2005). Metabolic response to ingestion of whey protein in active men. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(5), Supplement abstract 2191.

  58. HIGH PROTEIN DIETS NEGATIVELY IMPACT MOOD IN HIGH-ENERGY OUTPUT ACTIVITIES

    Smith, T. J., Lieberman, H. R., Karl, J. P., McGraw, S., Pikosky, M. A., Glickman, E. L., Grediagin, A., & Young, A. J. (2006). A high protein diet exacerbates the adverse effects of an energy deficit on mood state. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(5), Supplement abstract 1538.

  59. MODERATE PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTATION DOES NOT AFFECT RESISTANCE TRAINING

    Lee, D., Oh, J., Park, H., & Kim, Y. (2006). Effects of resistance training and protein supplementation on muscle strength, body composition, liver and kidney. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(5), Supplement abstract 1994.

  60. ALANINE SUPPLEMENTATION DOES NOT IMPROVE ENDURANCE PERFORMANCE

    Klein, J., Nyhan, W. L., & Kern, M. (2006). The effects of alanine supplementation on plasma amino acid concentrations, fuel substrates, and endurance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(5), Supplement abstract 1998.

  61. CIWUJIA SUPPLEMENTATION INCREASE ENDURANCE PERFORMANCE

    Kuo, J., Chen, C. Y., & Lee, N.-Y. (2006). Effects of Eleutherococcus Senticosus (CIWUJIA) on fat metabolism and endurance performance in long distance runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(5), Supplement abstract 2232.

  62. CHERRY JUICE SUPPLEMENTATION DECREASES SOME SYMPTOMS OF EXERCISE-INDUCED MUSCLE DAMAGE

    Cote, K., Connolly, A. J., McHugh, M. P., & Padilla-Zakour, O. (2006). The efficacy of cherry juice supplementation in preventing the symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(5), Supplement abstract 2243.

  63. GLUTAMINE SUPPLEMENTATION DOES NOT IMPROVE PERFORMANCE

    Iwashita, S., King, D., Baier, S., & Flakoll, P. J. (2006). Glutamine supplementation enhances energy expenditure but not performance during exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(5), Supplement abstract 2254.

  64. SODIUM BICARBONATE INGESTION DOES NOT IMPROVE PERFORMANCE IN ELITE RUNNERS

    Rossi, A., Hawkins, S., Cornwell, A., DiCaprio, P., Chou, C.-Y., & Khodiguian, N. (2006). The effects of modified chronic sodium bicarbonate ingestion on short-duration, high-intensity performance in elite middle-distance runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(5), Supplement abstract 2237.

  65. BICARBONATE SUPPLEMENTATION DOES NOT AFFECT MUSCULAR STRENGTH

    Wollner, M., Carlos, E. B., & Neves, E. L. (2006). Effect of bicarbonate supplementation on the muscular strength. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(5), Supplement abstract 2262.

  66. SODIUM BICARBONATE IMPROVES JUDO PERFORMANCE

    Artioli, G. G., Gualano, B., Benatti, F. B., Coelho, D. F., Gailey, A C., & Lancha Jr., A. H. (2006). Sodium bicarbonate ingestion and its effects on blood lactate and judo-related performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(5), Supplement abstract 1123.

  67. SODIUM BICARBONATE INGESTION IMPROVES 200 m SWIMMING PERFORMANCE

    Peyrebrunek, M. C., Lindh, A., Ingham, S., & Folland, J. (2007). Sodium bicarbonate supplementation improves 200 m freestyle performance in elite male swimmers. ACSM Annual Meeting New Orleans, Presentation Number, 1462.

  68. SODIUM BICARBONATE REDUCES PERFORMANCE DROP-OFF BETWEEN REPEATED 200-m FREESTYLE SWIMS

    Pruscino, C. L., Ross, M. L., Gregory, A., Savage, B., & Troy, Flanagan. (2008). Effects of sodium bicarbonate, caffeine, and their combination on repeated 200-m freestyle performance. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 18, 116-131.

  69. TAURINE DOES NOT AFFECT ENDURANCE PERFORMANCE

    Rutherford, J., Stellingwerff, T., & Spriet, L. L. (2006). The effect of acute Taurine ingestion on endurance performance in well-trained cyclists. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(5), Supplement abstract 1124.

  70. MUSCLE ARMOR BENEFITS RESISTANCE TRAINING

    Hatfield, D. L., Spiering, B. A., Fragala, M. S., Vingren, J. L., Ho, J. Y., Forsythe, C. E., Yamamoto, L. M., Puglisi, M. J., Anderson, J. M., Maresh, C. M., Volek, J. S., & Kraemer, W. J. (2007). Effects of Muscle Armor supplementation during a resistance training program on body composition and performance outcomes in men. ACSM Annual Meeting New Orleans, Presentation Number, 1587.

  71. ANTIOXIDATIVE SUPPLEMENTATION DOES NOT DIMINISH DOMS OR TISSUE DAMAGE

    Kastello, G. M., Corsdorf, A., Hunter, A., Martin, H., Patterson, B., Sheehan, A., Tellefsen, K., & Zeller, B. L. (2008). The effects of Watkins Antioxidant Supplement on DOMS and serum oxidative damage biomarkers. ACSM 55th Annual Meeting Indianapolis, Presentation Number, 1563.

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