PRINCIPLES OF TRAINING 7

This first issue of Volume 19 of Coaching Science Abstracts reviews articles concerned with principles and factors associated with training program content. Six previous issues, namely Volume 1(1), Volume 4(1), Volume 7(1), Volume 10(1), Volume 13(1), and Volume 16(1) also dealt with this topic. The information from those six sources as well as that contained in this issue, will yield an extensive knowledge base of recent research in training topics associated with sports conditioning.

This volume constitutes the commencement of the seventh cycle of topics embraced by this journal.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. GENERAL EFFECTS AND FACTORS

1. THE RATE WITH WHICH ANAEROBIC WORK IS PERFORMED CHANGES THE AEROBIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO PERFORMANCE

   Alves, F., Reis, J., Bruno, P. M., & Vleck, V. (June 03, 2010). Distance-time modeling and oxygen uptake kinetics in swimming. Presentation 2392 at the 2010 Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; June 2-5.

2. ANOTHER PIECE OF DOGMA – PHYSIOLOGICAL CAPACITIES CAN BE IMPROVED AT ANY TIME

   Holmberg, H. C. (2009). The competitive XC skier – from an integrative perspective. A paper presented at the 14th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway, June 24-27.

3. HIGH-INTENSITY SHOCK TRAINING CHANGES PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASURES BUT NOT PERFORMANCE

   Breil, F. A., Weber, S. N., Koller, S., Hoppeler, H., & Vogt, M. (2009). High intensity shock microcycles: An efficient method for improving VO2max in junior alpine skiers. A paper presented at the 14th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway, June 24-27.

4. PLAYERS WITH SPEED AND SPEED-ENDURANCE ABILITIES NEED TO TRAIN MORE CAUTIOUSLY AFTER A WEEKLY FOOTBALL GAME

   Gastin, P., Fahrner, B., Meyer, D., Robinson, D., & Cook, J. (2009). Faster players slower to recover after training and competition, with possible adverse effects on football performance. A paper presented at the 14th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway, June 24-27.

5. PERFORMANCE EFFICIENCY DECREASES ACROSS EVENT TIME – JUSTIFICATION FOR TECHNIQUE CONCENTRATION

   Uitslag, T. P., Galiart, R., Foster, C., Porcari, J. P., Daanen, H., Noordhof, D. A., & de Konig, J. J. (June 03, 2010). Changes in gross efficiency during high intensity exercise. Presentation 2237 at the 2010 Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; June 2-5.

6. MELATONIN IS A CIRCADIAN RHYTHM MARKER

   Marrin, K., Drust, B., Gregson, W., Morris, C., Chester, N., & Atkinson, G. (2010). Positive relationship between endogenous melatonin and core temperature responses to exercise. Presentation 934 at the 2010 Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; June 2-5.

7. PARTICULATE-MATTER POLLUTION DOES NOT ALTER LUNG FUNCTION DURING OR AFTER EXERCISE

   Fusk, M. Z., Steigerwald, M. D., & Rundell, K. W. (2010). Inhalation of combustion derived particulate matter during 30-min exercise does not affect lung function. Presentation 853 at the 2010 Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; June 2-5.

8. ACTIVITY AT HABITUAL SLEEP TIMES INTERFERES WITH PERFORMANCE

   May, G. C., Fitzpatrick, P A., Cullen, S. J., Kelly, L., O'Hagan, A., & Warrington, G. D. (2011). An analysis of the impact of acute sleep deprivation on repeat cycling time trial performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 43(5). Supplement abstract 1023.

9. OXYGEN CONSUMPTION IS NOT RELATED TO MECHANICAL ENERGY IN HIGH-INTENSITY RUNNING

   Shelden, M. A., Vardaxis, V. G., Rivera, J., Boley, B., A., & Weir, J. P. (2011). Lack of association between changes in running mechanics and the VO2 slow-component. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 43(5). Supplement abstract 1664.

10. AUDITORY REACTION TIMES ARE FASTER THAN VISUAL REACTION TIMES WHILE MALES ARE FASTER THAN FEMALES

    Shelton, J., & Kumar, G. (2010). Comparison between auditory and visual simple reaction times. Neuroscience & Medicine, 1(1), 30-32.

11. INTERVAL TRAINING NOT THAT MUCH MORE EFFECTIVE THAN CONSTANT VELOCITY TRAINING

    Nummela, A. T., Vesterinen, V., Hynynen, E., Mikkola, J., & Hokka, L. (2012). Interval training is efficient in improving VO2max in runners. Presentation 1107 at the 59th Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, San Francisco, California; May 29-June 2, 2012.

12. EARLY ENDURANCE TRAINING IMPROVEMENTS OCCUR QUICKLY BUT ARE NOT RELATED TO COMPETITIVE PERFORMANCES

    Matsunami, M., Taimura, A., & Mizobe, B. (2012). The role of high volume endurance training in competitive swimming. Presentation 1564 at the 59th Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, San Francisco, California; May 29-June 2, 2012.

13. SERIOUS INTENSE TRAINING IMPROVES RESPIRATORY FUNCTION

    Terblanche, E., & Kroff, J. (2009). Does whole-body exercise affect respiratory muscle function? A study of various athletic populations. A paper presented at the 14th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway, June 24-27.

14. COMPRESSION SHORTS DO NOT IMPROVE JUMPING ABILITY

    Eckert, N. R., Koceja, D., Mickleborough, T., & Stager, J. (June 03, 2010). Limb compression does not alter jump height variability during the vertical jump. Presentation 2310 at the 2010 Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; June 2-5.

15. COMPRESSION GARMENTS WORN DURING RECOVERY DO NOT AFFECT SUBSEQUENT PERFORMANCE

    Terry, P., Parcell, A., & Creer, A. (2011). Effectiveness of wearing compression tights during short recovery periods on subsequent cycling performance. Presentation 619 at the 2010 Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; June 2-5.

16. COMPRESSION GARMENTS GENERALLY DO NOT AFFECT PERFORMANCE BUT DO IN SOME INDIVIDUAL CASES

    Laymon, A. S., Chapman, R. F., Stager, J. M., Hong, S. L., & Johnston, J. D. (2010). Lower-leg compression sleeves: influence on running mechanics and economy in highly trained distance runners. Presentation 620 at the 2010 Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; June 2-5.

17. TITANIUM-LACED GARMENTS HAVE A POTENTIAL BENEFICIAL ERGONOMIC EFFECT

    Rowlands, D. S., Wadsworth, D. P., Rousseau, J., & Walmsley, A. (2010). Uniquely processed titanium permeated garments improve high-intensity run performance and joint range of motion. Presentation 621 at the 2010 Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; June 2-5.

18. COMPRESSION SOCKS DO NOT IMPROVE RUNNING ECONOMY

    Kieffer, H. S., Babcock, M., Keen, K., Mellinger, K., Gotchel, A., & Peterman, E. (2011). The effects of compression socks on running economy following a cycle-run transition. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 43(5). Supplement abstract 859.

19. COMPRESSION SOCKS DO NOT ATTENUATE POST-EXERCISE MUSCLE SORENESS

    Bihl, L., Raab, S., Benton, M., & Waggener, G. (2011). Efficacy of compression socks to enhance performance and recovery in distance athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 43(5). Supplement abstract 1452.

20. COMPRESSION SOCKS INCREASE RESISTANCE TO FATIGUE

    Reer, R., Argubi-Wollesen, A., Reischmann, M., von Duvillard, S. P., Braumann, K.-L., & Mattes, K. (2011). The effect of medical compression-socks on fatigue resistance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 43(5). Supplement abstract 1461.

21. COMPRESSION SOCKS HAVE NO RECOVERY BENEFIT FOR DISTANCE RUNNERS

    Moody, D., Houle, S., Adamson, K., & Creer, A. (2011). The effect of compression socks on recovery and running performance in collegiate distance runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 43(5). Supplement abstract 2767.

    2. CONTENT

22. CIRCUM-PUBERTAL SOCCER PLAYERS CAN DEVELOP SPEED AND ENDURANCE SIMULTANEOUSLY

    Mendez-Villanueva, A., Kuitunen, S., Peltola, E., Poon, T. K., & Simpson, B. (2009). Effects of maturation on the relationship between speed and endurance in circum-pubertal soccer players. A paper presented at the 14th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway, June 24-27.

23. FAST TRAINING IMPROVES PERFORMANCE AND PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASURES MORE THAN LONGER SLOWER TRAINING

    Sandbakk, O., Welde, B., & Holmberg, H. C. (2009). Endurance training and sprint performance in elite junior cross-country skiers. A paper presented at the 14th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway, June 24-27.

24. LEFT-VENTRICULAR MASS REMAINS CONSISTENT IN HIGHLY-TRAINED FEMALES DESPITE ADDED TRAINING

    Kinoshita, N., Oguma, Y., Katsukawa, F., Onishi, S., & Yamazaki, H. (2009). Do left ventricular dimensions further increase by continuing exercise training in already well-trained endurance athletes? A paper presented at the 14th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway, June 24-27.

25. PRE-WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP TRAINING DOES NOT ALTER ANYTHING IN ELITE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS

    Stanganelli, L. (2009). Effects of volleyball training on junior athletes in preparation for the world championship. A paper presented at the 14th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway, June 24-27.

26. WHOLE-BODY VIBRATION DOES NOT IMPROVE SPRINTING PERFORMANCE

    Gerakaki, M., Paradisis, G., & Tziortzis, S. (2009). Acute effects of whole-body vibration on sprint running kinematics in sprint athletes. A paper presented at the 14th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway, June 24-27.

27. BASKETBALL PLAYERS NEED TO TRAIN MORE THAN THREE SESSIONS A WEEK TO IMPROVE IN PHYSICAL CAPACITIES

    Mondoni, M. (2009). Evolution of explosive strength and maximum oxygen consumption in high and medium level basketball players. A paper presented at the 14th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway, June 24-27.

28. HIGH-INTENSITY TRAINING IMPROVES PERFORMANCE AND PHYSIOLOGY BUT MIGHT NOT BE SO EFFECTIVE WITH FEMALES

    Vogt, M., Breil, F., Weber, S., Weisskopf, R., Schlegel, C. H., & Hoppeler, H. (2009). Effects of block periodization of high-intensity interval training sessions on VO2max in subelite and elite athletes. A paper presented at the 14th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway, June 24-27.

29. STRENGTH AND ENDURANCE TRAINING CAN OCCUR CONCURRENTLY BUT EFFECTS ARE INDEPENDENT OF EACH OTHER

    Taipale, R.S., Gitonga, D., Walker, S., Nummela, A., Vesterinen, V., Mikkola, J., & Häkkinen, K. (2009). Role of strength training in endurance runners during preparatory, maximal versus explosive, and reduced strength training periods. A paper presented at the 14th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway, June 24-27.

30. SHAVED SKIN IS SENSITIVE TO WIND AND NO-WIND CONDITIONS

    Brammer, C. L., Koceja, D. M., & Stager, J. M. (2010). Shaving and perceptual sensory threshold. A paper presented at the XIth International Symposium for Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming, Oslo, June 16–19, 2010.

31. HIGH-INTENSITY INTERVAL TRAINING IMPROVES HEART AND BLOOD VARIABLES

    Astorino, T. A., Allen, R. P., Jurancich, M., Roberson, D. W., & Trost, E. (2010). Effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on cardiovascular function and muscular force. Presentation 1027 at the 2010 Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; June 2-5.

32. HEAVY DEMANDING EXERCISE PRODUCES SLOW-TO-RECOVER MUSCLE DAMAGE

    Bessa, A., de Oliveira, V. N., da Silva, R. J., Damasceno-Leite, A., & Expindola, F. S. (2010). Biochemical tools for determining exercise intensity. Presentation 876 at the 2010 Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; June 2-5.

33. VARYING WORK TO REST RATIOS PRODUCES DIFFERENT METABOLIC RESPONSES

    Gosselin, L. E., Kozlowksi, K. F., Bevinney-Boymel, L., & Hambridge, K. (2010). Metabolic and cardiovascular response of different high intensity aerobic interval exercise protocols. Presentation 1028 at the 2010 Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; June 2-5.

34. PRE-CONDITIONING HAS LITTLE EFFECT ON INJURY PREVENTION

    Zijlstra, S., Buist, I., & Bredeweg, S. W. (2010). The effectiveness of a preconditioning program on running related injuries. a randomized clinical trial. Presentation 1047 at the 2010 Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; June 2-5.

35. HIGH-INTENSITY SWIMMING PRIMARILY USES ALACTACID AND AEROBIC ENERGY SOURCES

    Fernandes, R. J., Sousa, A., Figueiredo, P., Keskinen, K. L., Rogriguez, F. A., Machado, L., & Vilas-Boas, J. P. (2011). Modeling off-transient oxygen uptake kinetics after maximal 200-m swims. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 43(5). Supplement abstract 1663.

36. PILATES NOT ASSOCIATED WITH PERFORMANCE CHANGES

    Capo-Lugo, C. E., Ortiz, A., Martinez, L., Venegas-Rios, H. L., & Ramirez-Marrero, F. (2011). Effectiveness of Pilates on running mechanics and running performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 43(5). Supplement abstract 1765.

37. HIGH-INTENSITY TRAINING OVER 10 DAYS IS NOT EXCESSIVELY STRESSFUL

    Ormsbee, M. J., Kinsey, A. W., Chong, M., Friedman, H. S., Dodgez, T., & Fehling, P. C. (2011). Short-term high-intensity interval training and the physiological stress response. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 43(5). Supplement abstract 3138.

38. BRIEF PERIODS OF SHORT EXPOSURES TO DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRAINING ARE NOT EFFECTIVE IN FEMALE ROWERS

    Ryan, D. M., Carr, N. S., Sawyer, B. J., Angadi, S. S., Chisum, J., & Gaesser, G. A. (2012). Effect of high-intensity interval training on 2-kilometer ergometer time-trial performance in female high school rowers. Presentation 1108 at the 59th Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, San Francisco, California; May 29-June 2, 2012.

39. TRAINING STUDIES WITHOUT CONTROL GROUPS DO NOT TELL MUCH

    Godard, M. P., Godard, K. M., & Jessen, D. (2012). Ultrasound measured left ventricular strain in competitive youth swimmers: Acute and chronic effects of training. Presentation 1121 at the 59th Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, San Francisco, California; May 29-June 2, 2012.

40. RACING SIMULATED BETTER OPPONENTS DOES NOT IMPROVE TIME-TRIAL PERFORMANCES IN CYCLING

    Stone, M. R., Thomas, K., Givson, A., Wilkinson, M., & Thompson, K. G. (2012). Racing the favorite: Effects of competition during laboratory based 4,000-m cycling time-trials. Presentation 1440 at the 59th Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, San Francisco, California; May 29-June 2, 2012.

41. CHANGES IN RUNNING ECONOMY BY INCREASING STEP FREQUENCY CAN BE RETAINED OVER TWO WEEKS OF NO TRAINING

    Quinn, T. J., Hourihan, S. E., & Dempsey, S. L. (2012). Maintenance of increased step frequency training in female runners following a period of no training. Presentation 1545 at the 59th Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, San Francisco, California; May 29-June 2, 2012.
    3. SPRINT/ANAEROBIC TRAINING

42. SHORT REST INTERVALS ARE BETTER FOR TRAINING SPRINTERS

    Bogdanis, G. C., Saraslanidis, P., Petridou, A., Galanis, N., Tsalis, G., Kellis, S., Kapetanos, A. G., & Mougios, V. (2009). Muscle metabolism and performance improvement after two training programs of sprint running. A paper presented at the 14th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway, June 24-27.

43. SPRINT PERFORMANCE LOSS IN REPEATED SPRINTING IS ASSOCIATED WITH LOSS OF MUSCLE STIFFNESS

    Girard, O., Micallef, J.-P., &Millet, G. P. (2010). Changes in spring-mass model characteristics during repeated running sprints. Presentation 695 at the 2010 Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; June 2-5.

44. SPRINT-INTERVAL TRAINING PRODUCES SIMILAR TRAINING EFFECTS MORE EFFICIENTLY THAN ENDURANCE-TRAINING

    Gibala, M. J., Little, J. P., van Essen, M., Wilkin, G. P., Burgomaster, K. A., Safdar, A., Raha, S., & Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2006). Short-term sprint interval versus traditional endurance training: similar initial adaptations in human skeletal muscle and exercise performance. Journal of Physiology, 575(Part 3), 901-911.

45. A NOVEL HIGH-INTENSITY INTERVAL TRAINING PROTOCOL INCREASES PERFORMANCE IN THE LATTER STAGES OF A 60-SECOND WINGATE TEST

    Belfry, G. R., Paterson, D. J., Overend, T., & Thomas, S. G. (2010). Effects of high intensity intermittent and continuous endurance training on aerobic power and 60s performance. Presentation 1029 at the 2010 Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; June 2-5.

46. TRAIN FAST AND SWIMMING FAST WILL IMPROVE

    Johansen, L., Jørgensen, S., Kilen, A., Larsson, T. H., Jørgensen, M., Rocha, B., & Nordsborg, N. B. (2010). Increased training intensity and reduced volume for 12 weeks increases maximal swimming speed on a sprint distance in young elite swimmers. A paper presented at the XIth International Symposium for Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming, Oslo, June 16–19, 2010.

47. HYPEROXIA IN RECOVERY BENEFITS SWIMMING SPRINT PERFORMANCE BUT DOES NOT BENEFIT CYCLISTS IN HIGH-INTENSITY WORK

    Sperlich, B. (2011). Hyperoxic recovery: A potential tool for improving performance? Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 43(5). Supplement abstract 3035.
    4. ENDURANCE/AEROBIC TRAINING

48. BLOOD PARAMETERS DO NOT CHANGE AFTER MATURATION IN ELITE ATHLETES

    Wehrlin, J. P., & Clenin, G. E. (2009). Does hemoglobin mass increase with several years of endurance training? A cross-sectional study with U18, U23, and elite national team cyclists. A paper presented at the 14th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway, June 24-27.

49. HEMOGLOBIN MASS AND VO2max DO NOT IMPROVE AFTER MATURITY IN ELITE ENDURANCE ATHLETES

    Steiner, T., Boutellier, U., & Wehrlin, J. P. (2009). Does hemoglobin mass increase with several years of endurance training? A controlled cross-sectional study with 16, 21, and 28 years old elite XC-skiers and triathletes. A paper presented at the 14th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway, June 24-27.

50. HIGH-FREQUENCY TRAINING IMPROVES VO2max

    Hatle, H., Stobakk. P. K., Bronstad, E., Stolen, T., Tjonna, A. E., Molmen, H. E., Ingul, C. B., Wisloff, U., & Rognmo, O. (2009). Effects of frequency of exercise for improving aerobic capacity: Training and de-training. A paper presented at the 14th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway, June 24-27.

51. INCREASED TRAINING INTENSITY IMPROVES IMPORTANT PHYSIOLOGY FACTORS IN TRAINED MALE ENDURANCE RUNNERS

    Enoksen, E., Tonnessen, E., & Shalfawi, S. (2009). The effect of high vs. low intensity training on aerobic capacity in well-trained middle-distance runners. A paper presented at the 14th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway, June 24-27.

52. HIGH-INTENSITY INTERVAL TRAINING PRODUCES SIMILAR CHANGES TO CONTINUOUS TRAINING, BUT IN MUCH LESS TIME

    Dunham, C., & Harms, C. A. (June 03, 2010). The effects of high intensity interval training on pulmonary function. Presentation 2095 at the 2010 Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; June 2-5.

53. CONTINUOUS AND HIGH-INTENSITY TRAINING PRODUCE SIMILAR EFFECTS IN PRE-SEASON TRAINING OF YOUTH FOOTBALL PLAYERS

    Faude, O., Schnittker, R., Müller, F., Schulte-Zurhausen, R., & Meyer, T. (2009). Similar effects of high-intensity intervals and continuous endurance runs during the preparation period in high level football. A paper presented at the 14th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway, June 24-27.

54. HIGH-INTENSITY EXERCISE IS REQUIRED TO STIMULATE MAXIMUM AEROBIC ADAPTATIONS IN ADOLESCENTS

    Zafeiridis, A., Sarivasiliou, H., Dipla, K., & Vrabas, I. (2009). The effects of interval vs. heavy continuous exercise programs on oxygen consumption, heart rate, and lactate responses in adolescents. A paper presented at the 14th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway, June 24-27.

55. TRAINING PRODUCES FASTER VO2 ON-KINETICS IN GIRLS

    Unnithan, V. B., Roche, D. M., Garrard, M., Holloway, K., & Marwood, S. (June 03, 2010). Oxygen uptake kinetics in trained female adolescents. Presentation 2010 at the 2010 Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; June 2-5.

56. HIGH-INTENSITY INTERVAL EXERCISE AFFECTS BLOOD PRESSURE IN A MANNER SIMILAR TO STEADY-STATE EXERCISE

    Rossow, L., Yan, H., Fahs, C. A., Ranadive, S. M., Agliovlasitis, S., Wilund, K. R., Baynard, T., & Fernhall, B. (2010). Post-exercise hypotension in an endurance-trained population of men and women following high-intensity interval and steady-state cycling. Presentation 677 at the 2010 Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; June 2-5.

57. HIGH-INTENSITY INTERVAL AND MODERATE-CONTINUOUS TRAINING HAVE SIMILAR EFFECTS ON CANOEING ERGOMETER PERFORMANCE

    Wang, T. Y., Lee, M. M., & Chan, K. H. (2011). Effects of high-intensity interval training on critical velocity and anaerobic work capacity in canoeing. Presentation 1033 at the 2010 Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; June 2-5.

58. INCREASING TRAINING STEP FREQUENCY IMPROVES OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AND RUNNING ECONOMY IN FEMALES

    Quinn, T. J., Dempsey, S. L., Hourihan, S. E., LaRoche, D. P., & MacKenzie, A. M. (2011). The effect of increasing step frequency on running economy in female runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 43(5). Supplement abstract 857.

59. AEROBIC TRAINING MAINTAINS SOME BRAIN FUNCTIONS

    Tseng, B. Y., Uh, J., Armstrong, K., Palmer, M. D., Cullum, C. M., Diaz-Atrastia, R. G., & Levine, B. D. (2011). Life-long aerobic training preserves white matter integrity: a first look in the masters athlete's brain. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 43(5). Supplement abstract 922.

60. HIGH VOLUMES OF LOW-INTENSITY TRAINING DO NOT RESULT IN THE BEST FORM OF AEROBIC ADAPTATION

    Weber, S., Gehlert, S., Weidmann, B., Gutsche, K., Frese, S., Graf, C., Platen, P., & Bloch, W. (2011). Exercise induced slow and fast myofiber transitions in response to low intensive endurance exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 43(5). Supplement abstract 1399.

61. PEDALING CADENCE AFFECTS THE VO2 RESPONSE PROFILE

    Sylvester, J. L., Burdette, S. D., & Hill, D. W. (2011). The effect of pedaling cadence on the kinetics of oxygen uptake during severe intensity exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 43(5). Supplement abstract 1667.

62. HIGH-INTENSITY INTERVAL EXERCISE PRODUCES SIGNIFICANT FAT LOSS

    Hahn, D., Angadi, S., & Gaesser, G. A. (2011). Effects of moderate-intensity continuous and high-intensity interval exercise on post-exercise oxygen uptake. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 43(5). Supplement abstract 1833.

63. INDIVIDUALS DO NOT NECESSARILY RESPOND IN ALL VARIABLES WHEN EXPOSED TO ENDURANCE TRAINING

    Scharhag-Rosenberger, F., Walitzek, S., Kindermann, W., & Meyer, T. (2012). Differences in adaptations to one year of aerobic endurance training: individual patterns of non-response. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 22, 113-118.

64. SHORT-DURATION INTERVAL TRAINING PROMOTES HIGHER WORK QUALITY AND QUICKER RECOVERY THAN CONTINUOUS EXERCISE

    White, A. T., VanHaitsma, T. A., Light, A. R., Light, K. C., Hughen, R. W., & Yenchik, S. (2012). Effect of short vs. longer duration strenuous exercise on afferent fatigue signaling. Presentation 1153 at the 59th Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, San Francisco, California; May 29-June 2, 2012.

65. SHORT-DURATION HIGH-INTENSITY WORK WITH SHORT REST PERIODS PROVIDES A HIGH STIMULUS FOR AEROBIC ADAPTATION

    Olson, E. C., Christensen, K. V., Jajtner, A., Copeland, J., Unthank, M., & Mitchell, J. B. (2012). The effect of short and long recovery periods on the contribution of oxidative processes to energy expenditure during multiple bouts of supramaximal exercise. Presentation 1336 at the 59th Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, San Francisco, California; May 29-June 2, 2012.

66. CARNITANE BENEFITS HIGH-INTENSITY ENDURANCE PERFORMANCE IN INITIALLY UNTRAINED MALES

    Chan, K.-H., Hu, S.-Z., Lu, K.-H., & Shih, C. Y. (2012). Effects of three weeks of carnitine supplementation and high-intensity interval training on endurance performance. Presentation 1367 at the 59th Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, San Francisco, California; May 29-June 2, 2012.

67. THE KINETICS OF OXYGEN SUPPLY IN ULTRA-SHORT RUNNING ON A TREADMILL

    Christensen, E. H., Hedman, R., & Saltin, B. (1960). Intermittent and continuous running. (A further contribution to the physiology of intermittent work.) Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 50, 269-286.

68. MYOHEMOGLOBIN AS SITE OF STORED OXYGEN IN ULTRA-SHORT WORK WHICH EXPLAINS LOW LEVELS OF LACTIC ACID

    Astrand, I., Astrand, P-O., Christensen, E. H., & Hedman, R. (1960). Intermittent muscular work. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 48, 448-453.

69. ULTRA-SHORT WORK IS AEROBIC

    Astrand, I., Astrand, P-O., Christensen, E. H., & Hedman, R. (1960). Myohemoglobin as an oxygen-store in man. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 48, 454-460.
    5. PACING

70. DEPENDING UPON RACE DISTANCE, AGE-GROUP SWIMMERS REPRODUCE PACING PATTERNS IN DIFFERENT WAYS

    Skorski, S., Faude, O., Rausch, K., & Meyer, T. (2010). Reproducibility of pacing strategies in high-level junior swimmers. A paper presented at the XIth International Symposium for Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming, Oslo, June 16–19, 2010.

71. PREPARATION FOR AND INTRODUCTION INTO AN EVENT IS THE CRITICAL STAGE FOR GOVERNING PERFORMANCE PACING

    Lindsay, T., Ansley, L., Neary, J. P., Hunter, A., St Clair Gibson, A., Skowno, J., & Noakes, T. D. (2009). Changes in pacing strategy in response to an acute shift to and from hypoxia. A paper presented at the 14th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway, June 24-27.

72. EFFORT BURSTS IN A SELF-PACED PERFORMANCE ARE DETRIMENTAL TO OVERALL PERFORMANCE

    Cohen, J., Foster, C., de Koning, J. J., Wright, G., Doberstein, S. T., & Porcari, J. P. (2011). Breaking away: Effects of non-uniform pacing on power output and RPE growth. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 43(5). Supplement abstract 811.

73. CHILDREN HAVE VARIABLE PACING PATTERNS IN EXTENDED TASKS

    O'Brien, K., Foster, C., de Konig, J. J., Mally, K., Mikat, R. P., & Porcari, J. P. (2011). Learning pacing strategy in relation to age. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 43(5). Supplement abstract 1024.

74. ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AFFECT PACING STRATEGIES

    Roelands, B., de Koning, J., Hettinga, F., & Meeusen, R. (2012). Different pacing strategies during time-trials in 18°C and 30°C. Presentation 1934 at the 59th Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, San Francisco, California; May 29-June 2, 2012.
    6. RESPIRATORY TRAINING

75. INSPIRATORY MUSCLE TRAINING IMPROVES OXYGEN AVAILABILITY FOR WORK

    Turner, L. A., Mikkleborough, T. D., Tecklenburg-Lund, S., Stager, J. M., & Chapman, R. F. (June 03, 2010). Inspiratory muscle training reduces the oxygen cost of breathing during exercise. Presentation 2097 at the 2010 Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; June 2-5.

76. RESPIRATORY MUSCLE TRAINING DOES NOT AFFECT VO2max

    Esposito, F., Limonta, E., Alberti, G., Veicsteinas, A., & Ferretti, G. (2010). Effect of respiratory muscle training on maximum aerobic power in normoxia and hypoxia. Presentation 847 at the 2010 Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; June 2-5..

77. INSPIRATORY MUSCLE TRAINING IMPROVES VO2 DYNAMICS

    Bailey, S. J., Romer, L. M., Wilkerson, D. P., DiMenna, F. J., & Jones, A. M. (2010). Influence of inspiratory muscle training on pulmonary O2 uptake kinetics and exercise tolerance in humans. Presentation 848 at the 2010 Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; June 2-5.

78. REDUCED BREATHING FREQUENCY TRAINING HAS NO BENEFIT

    Kapus, J., Kapus, V., & Ušaj, A. (2010). Can high intensity workloads be simulated at moderate intensities by reduced breathing frequency? A paper presented at the XIth International Symposium for Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming, Oslo, June 16–19, 2010.

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