Efran, J. S., Lesser, G. S., & Spiller, M. J. (1994). Enhancing tennis coaching with youths using a metaphor method. The Sport Psychologist, 8, 349-359.

Children and adolescents (N = 69) in a summer tennis camp were divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group was taught a "metaphor method" for eliminating distractions and detrimental ideation. They visualized being enclosed in a bubble, cocoon, or chrysalis that separated them from non-task stimuli.

Ss in both groups were positive about the tennis experience. Instructors rated the experimental group as superior in developed skill factors, enjoyment, motivation, and the display of mature and appropriate behavior. Compared to controls, the metaphor group improved in performance and the ability to concentrate.

Implication. The use of metaphors aimed at reducing distractions in the early phase of learning skills, appear to facilitate skill acquisition and enhance the activity experience.

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