Volume 8(5): March, 2003

THE FEMALE ATHLETE 3

This fifth issue of Volume 8 of Coaching Science Abstracts reviews articles concerned with characteristics of female athletes and differences between male and female athletes. It extends the concepts reported in Volume 2(5) and Volume 5(5). It further justifies establishing different coaching and training programs for each gender.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

    PERFORMANCE

  1. INCREASED LEG STRENGTH DOES NOT IMPROVE CYCLING PERFORMANCE

    Bishop, D., Jenkins, D. G., MacKinnon, L. T., McEniery, M., & Carey, M. F. (1999). The effects of strength training on endurance performance and muscle characteristics. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31, 886-891.

  2. CREATINE AFFECTS PERFORMANCE ONLY WHEN REST INTERVALS ARE LONG

    Carl, D. L., Alperin, N., Kochendorfer, K., Stieger, J., Andres, F., & Broadley, D. (1999). Effect of oral creatine and caffeine on muscle phosphocreatine resynthesis in competitive swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 1283.

  3. CREATINE ONLY HELPS MEN SWIM FASTER OVER 50 YARDS

    Leenders, N., Sherman, W. M., Lamb, D. R., & Nelson, T. E. (1999). Creatine Supplementation and swimming performance. International Journal of Sport Nutrition, 9, 251-262.

  4. STRENGTH SHOES DO NOT BENEFIT PERFORMANCE IF USED DURING WARM-UPS

    Sands, W. A., McNeal, J. R., Henderson, H. L., & Poole, R. C. (1999). Performance enhancement via warm-up with the strength shoe in women's track and field. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 374.

  5. MENSTRUAL SYNDROME SYMPTOMS MIGHT AFFECT ANAEROBIC PERFORMANCE

    Giacomoni, M., Bernard, T., Gavarry, O., Altare, S., & Falgairette, G. (2000). Influence of the menstrual cycle phase and menstrual symptoms on maximal anaerobic performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32, 486-492.

  6. WOMEN NEED TO PACE DISTANCE EVENTS BETTER THAN MEN

    Dutto, D., & Smith,G. A. (1999). Speed skating temporal characteristics from the 1998 Winter Olympic Games and world championships. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 617.

  7. FACTORS AFFECTING SPRINT SWIMMING DIFFER BETWEEN GENDERS

    Simmons, S. E., Tanner, D. A., & Stager, J. M. (2000). Different determinants of sprint swim performance in male and female competitive swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 1692.

  8. SAME-DAY STRENGTH TRAINING DOES NOT COMPROMISE GAME PERFORMANCE CAPACITY IN FEMALE BASKETBALL PLAYERS

    Woolstenhulme, M. T., & Allsen, P. E. (2000). The same day effects of weight lifting on VO2max, vertical jump, and anaerobic power in female collegiate basketball players. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 976.

  9. WOMEN LOSE STRENGTH AND FATIGUE MORE THAN MEN

    Hubal, M. J., & Clarkson, P. M. (2001). Gender differences in response to eccentric training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 688.

  10. ACTIVE RECOVERY IS PHYSIOLOGICALLY BENEFICIAL FOR SOFTBALL PITCHERS

    Skelton, M. S., & Kesslar, R. (2001). Effect of an active recovery between innings on heart rate, blood pressure, arm girth and blood lactate levels in college softball pitchers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 885.

  11. MEN ARE SUPERIOR RUNNERS TO FEMALES ACROSS ALL COMPETITIVE DISTANCES

    Coast, J. R., Blevins, J. S., & Wilson, B. A. (2001). Do gender differences in running performance decrease with distance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 902.

  12. CREATINE IMPROVES PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOCCER PLAY IN FEMALES

    Cox, G. R., Burke, L. M., Mujika, I., & Tumilty, D. (2001). Acute creatine Supplementation and performance during a field test simulating match play in elite female soccer players. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 1149.

  13. CREATINE IMPROVES TIME TO FATIGUE IN FEMALES MORE THAN IN MALES

    Franaux, M., Louis, M., Sturbois, X., & Poortmans, J. R. (2001). Effects of creatine Supplementation in males and females. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 1152.

  14. PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS AND ERGOMETER PERFORMANCE DO NOT PREDICT ROWING CREW PLACEMENT IN WOMEN

    Perkins, C. D., Seibel, E. J., & Pivarnik, J. M. (2001). Physiological profiles of a women's NCAA crew team. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 1393.

  15. ENDURANCE TIME IN ISOMETRIC EXERCISES IN GREATER IN FEMALES THAN MALES

    Hunter, S. K., Ryan, D. L., Ortega, J. D., Kutzscher, D. V., & Enoka, R. M. 2001). The pressor response varies with the type of fatiguing contraction performed by men and women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 1477.

  16. FEMALES FATIGUE LESS IN MAXIMAL ISOMETRIC CONTRACTIONS THAN DO MALES

    Kent-Braun, J. A., Ng., A. V., Doyle, J., Beaudoin, F., & Bartholomew, D. (2001). Gender, but not age, affects relative fatigue during sustained maximal voluntary isometric contractions. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 1478.

  17. RUNNING ECONOMY IS IMPORTANT FOR MEN BUT NOT WOMEN

    Glace, B. W., Murphy, C. A., Kremenic, I. J., & McHugh, M. P. (2002). Running economy of elite and non-elite runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(5), Supplement abstract 137.

  18. GENDER DIFFERENCES IN ROWING ERGOMETER TECHNIQUE

    Wise, K. A., & Butcher, G. M. (2002). A comparison of the rowing stroke between experienced female and male rowers on a land ergometer. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(5), Supplement abstract 184.

    PHYSIOLOGY

  19. VITAMIN K IMPROVES BONE FORMATION CHARACTERISTICS IN AMENORRHOEIC ATHLETES

    Cracuin, A. M., Wolf, J., Knapen, M. H., Brouns, F., & Vermeer, C. (1008). Improved bone metabolism in female elite athletes after vitamin K Supplementation. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 19, 479-484.

  20. RPE GENDER DIFFERENCES DEPEND UPON THE CRITERION USED FOR OXYGEN UPTAKE

    Robertson, R., Moyna, N., Sward, K., Millich, N., Goss, F., & Thompson, P. (1999). Gender effect on ratings of perceived exertion at relative and absolute oxygen uptake. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 266.

  21. CREATINE SUPPLEMENTATION MAY DELAY NEUROMUSCULAR FATIGUE IN FEMALES

    Stout, J., Eckerson, J., Moore, G., Ebersole, K., Perry, S., & Bull, A. (1999). The effects of creatine loading on neuromuscular fatigue threshold in female athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 358.

  22. MENSTRUAL CYCLE PHASES DO NOT MODIFY AEROBIC RESPONSES

    Chung, S., Goldfarb, A. H., Jamurtas, A. Z., Hedge, S. S., & Lee, J. (1999). (1999). Effect of exercise during the follicular and luteal phases on indices of oxidative stress in healthy women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31, 409-413.

  23. GINSENG IS NOT BENEFICIAL FOR SHORT DURATION, SUPRAMAXIMAL EXERCISE

    Kolokoouri, I., Engles, H-J., Cieslak, T., & Wirth, J. C. (1999). Effect of chronic ginseng Supplementation on short duration, supramaximal exercise test performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 445.

  24. HORMONAL AND POWER RESPONSES TO RESISTANCE EXERCISES ARE GENDER DIFFERENTIATED

    Bosco, C., Colli, R., Bonomi, R., Von Duvillard, S. P., & Viru, A. (2000). Monitoring strength training: Neuromuscular and hormonal profile. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32, 202-208.

  25. BEEF SUPPLEMENTATION ENHANCES ENDURANCE FITNESS IN ADOLESCENT FEMALES

    Pahnke, T., Lyle, R. M., Martin, B., Weaver, C. M., & Corrigan, D. (1999). Effect of increased lean beef consumption on iron status and performance of adolescent female runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 702.

  26. CHO-LOADING DOES NOT IMPROVE ENDURANCE PERFORMANCE IN WOMEN

    Paul, D. R., Mulroy, S. M., Horner, J. A., & Jacobs, K. A. (1999). Carbohydrate-loading diets in women cyclists. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 880.

  27. CREATINE IMPROVES MUSCLE FUNCTION IN WOMEN

    Kambis, K. W., & Pizzedaz, S. K. (1999). Effect of oral creatine Supplementation on maximum quadriceps contraction in women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 1277.

  28. MEDIUM-CHAIN TRIGLYCERIDES DO NOT IMPROVE CYCLING PERFORMANCE IN FEMALES

    Eimer, A. J., Webster, M. J., Boyd, J. C., Eschbach, L. C., McArthur, P. D., Zoeller, R. F., Krebs, G. V., & Angelopoulos, T. J. (1999). Physiological and performance responses of female endurance cyclists to Supplementation with medium-chain triglycerides and carbohydrate. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 459.

  29. IRON DEPLETION DID NOT AFFECT CYCLING PERFORMANCE IN FEMALES

    DeRuisseau, K. C., Clarkson, P. M., Freedson, P. S., Volpe, S. L., & Rouzier, P. (1999). The effect of iron depletion on endurance performance in physically active females. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 461.

  30. HEART RATE IS NOT RELATED TO OVERTRAINING IN FEMALE RUNNERS

    Uusitalo, A. L., Uusitalo, A. J., & Rusko, H. K. (1998). Exhaustive endurance training for 6-9 weeks did not induce changes in intrinsic heart rate and cardiac autonomic modulation in female athletes. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 19, 532-540.

  31. HIGHER DOSES OF CAFFEINE IMPROVE ROWING PERFORMANCE IN FEMALES

    Anderson, M. E., Bruce, C. R., Fraser, S. F., Stepto, N. K., Klein, R., & Hawley, J. A. (2000). Improved 2000-m rowing performance in well-trained female rowers after caffeine ingestion. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 128.

  32. PYRUVATE DOES NOT IMPROVE PERFORMANCE IN FEMALES

    Ehler, L., Sanders, M., & Antonio, J. (2000). Effects of low dose pyruvate on body composition, endurance, and muscular strength in moderately fit females. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 141.

  33. SERIOUS FEMALE ATHLETES SHOULD CONSIDER IRON SUPPLEMENTATION

    Borjesson, M. A., Adolfsson, P., & Rodgjer, S. (2000). Iron deficiency and anemia in elite women athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 220.

  34. IRON SUPPLEMENTATION IMPROVES AEROBIC CAPACITY IN FEMALES

    Friedman, B., Weller, E., Mairbauri, H., & Bartsch, P. (2000). Effects of iron repletion on red blood cell volume and exercise performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 221.

  35. ISOMETRIC RESPONSE MECHANISMS CONSISTENT ACROSS FEMALES

    Smith, D. L., Kocher, B. E., Kolesnikoff, A. L., & Rowland, T. W. (2000). Cardiovascular response to isometric contractions in girls and young women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 331.

  36. AD LIB FLUID REPLACEMENTS ARE ADEQUATE IN FEMALE LONG DISTANCE RUNNERS

    Cheuvront, S. N., Woodard, M. R., Ruble, M. J., DeRuisseau, K. C., Ostler, D. M., & Haymes, E. M. (2000). Fluid intakes and thermoregulatory responses of female marathon runners in two environments. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 458.

  37. BOVINE COLOSTRUM INCREASES GROWTH FACTOR HORMONES

    Mero, A., Kahkonen, J., Nykanen, T., Rasi, S., & Leppaluoto, J. (2000). (2000). Bovine colostrum supplemenation increases serum IGF-1, IgG, and saliva IgA in athletes during training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 464.

  38. CREATINE CAUSES INTESTINAL PROBLEMS WITH AFFECTING MOOD

    Koehler, S., Kuehl, K., Dulacki, K., Goldberg, L., & Elliot, D. (2000). Adverse and mood altering effects of oral creatine Supplementation. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 555.

  39. CREATINE DOES NOT AFFECT ANAEROBIC FACTORS IN OARSWOMEN

    Faria, E. W., White, M. T., Coragan, C., & Faria, I. E. (2000). Effect of oral creatine Supplementation on AOD, AT, and blood lactate in oarswomen. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 559.

  40. FEMALE PHYSIOLOGY FUNCTIONS BETTER THAN MALES IN THE HEAT

    Swan, J. G., Ruby, B. C., Sharkey, B. J., & Puchkoff, J. E. (2000). Gender comparison of long-term exercise and three hydration strategies in a heated environment. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 680.

  41. HEART RATE VARIABILITY IS NOT A RELIABLE MEASURE IN YOUNG WOMEN

    Chittenden, T. W., Kaleth, A. S., Ballentine, H. M., Blevins, J. S., & Herbert, W. G. (2000). Reproducibility of HRV measures in apparently healthy young women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 715.

  42. WHEN SUPPLEMENTAL CHO IS USED IN ENDURANCE EVENTS DIFFERS BETWEEN GENDERS

    Partington, S., Stupka, N., Rennie, C., Ridell, M., Armstrong, D., & Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2000). Exogenous carbohydrate Supplementation suppresses endogenous carbohydrate and protein oxidation in males and females. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 1063.

  43. GENDER DIFFERENCES EXIST IN CHO UTILIZATION IN EXERCISE

    Pritzlaff, C. J., Wideman, L., Weltman, J. Y., Gaesser, G. A., Veldhuis, J. D., & Weltman, A. (2000). Carbohydrate and fat oxidation during exercise and recovery: Effects of exercise intensity and gender. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 1068.

  44. BEER IS NOT GOOD FOR POST-EXERCISE REHYDRATION

    Hetzler, R. K., Titichinal, C. A., Lally, D., & Kahle, P. L. (2000). The effects of alcohol in been on rehydration after exercise in females. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 1147.

  45. THE GENDERS RESPOND DIFFERENTLY TO HYPOXIA

    Sandoval, D. A., & Matt, K. S. (2000). Hypoxia and gender alters metabolic and hormonal response to exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 1223.

  46. FEMALES OXIDIZE FATS AND CHO DIFFERENTLY TO MALES IN EXERCISE

    Carter, S. L., Rennie, C. D., & Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2000). Endurance training results in a decrease in glucose RA/RD during exercise at both absolute and relative intensities. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 1264.

  47. ENERGY (CHO) SUPPLEMENTATION BENEFITS FEMALE ROWERS

    Backman, L. D., Taylor, A. W., & Lemon, P. W. (2000). Effect of isoenergetic high vs low protein Supplementation on body composition and performance in female rowers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 1664.

  48. FEMALES FUEL AEROBIC EXERCISE DIFFERENTLY TO MALES

    Jacobs, I., Moroz, D., Tikuisis, P., & Vallerand, A. (2000). Muscle glycogen in females after exercise at 9 and 21 degrees Celsius. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 1684.

  49. GENDER DIFFERENCES IN SPRINT AND ENDURANCE RUNNING EVENTS

    Nasca, M. M., & Protas, F. J. (2000). Speed versus endurance performance evaluations in competitive athletic youth: Age and gender related comparisons. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 1822.

  50. SIZE AND STRENGTH GOVERN GENDER DIFFERENCES IN ANAEROBIC POWER

    Mayhew, J. L., Hancock, K., Rollison, L., Ball, T. E., & Bowen, J. C. (2001). Contributions of strength and body composition to the gender difference in anaerobic power. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 41, 33-38.

  51. BOYS INCREASE STROKE VOLUME MORE THAN GIRLS

    Callister, R., & McLaren, P. (2001). Influence of gender and maturation on the stroke volume response to exercise in children. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 204.

  52. INITIAL MUSCLE SORENESS DISAPPEARS AS TRAINING CONTINUES

    Hiruma, E., Okamune, T., Sasaki, H., Umimura, M., & van Essen, A. (2001). Relationship between seven days of maximum endurance strength exercise and muscle damage. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 439.

  53. CHO LOADING AND SUPPLEMENTATION INEFFECTIVE FOR WOMEN

    Andrews, J., Sedlock, D. A., Flynn, M. G., Navalta, J., & Ji, H. (2001). Carbohydrate loading and Supplementation in trained female runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 933.

  54. FATIGUE CHANGES THE KINEMATICS OF SKILLED PERFORMANCES IN VOLLEYBALL

    Dangelmaier, B. S., & Coward, S. M. (2001). Fatigue induced kinematic changes in a volleyball spike. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 1341.

  55. COLLEGIATE ATHLETES NEED TO ATTEND TO FLUID INTAKE

    Poule, K. A., & Volpe, S. L. (2001). Assessment of hydration status of collegiate athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 1442.

  56. CARBOHYDRATE SUPPLEMENTATION AND MENSTRUAL PHASE DO NOT AFFECT PROLONGED PERFORMANCE

    Speers, V. R., McLellan, T. M., Grisso, C. A., Smith, I. F., & Rodgers, C. D. (2001). Carbohydrate ingestion is not affected by menstrual phase in moderately trained females. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 1599.

  57. RECOVERY HEART RATE IS NOT RELATED TO CHILDREN'S AEROBIC FITNESS

    Anderson, C. S., Mahon, A. D., & Brooker, M. J. (2001). Heart rate recovery in children following aerobic exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 1759.

  58. PREGNANCY HAS LITTLE INFLUENCE ON FUTURE TRAINING

    Beilock, S. L., Feltz, D. L., & Pivarnik, J. M. (2001). Training patterns of athletes during pregnancy and postpartum. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 72, 39-46.

  59. MASTER ATHLETES' PHYSIOLOGY DECLINES SIMILARLY TO SEDENTARY INDIVIDUALS

    Hawkins, S. A., Marcell, T. J., Jaque, S. V., & Wiswell, R. A. (2001). A longitudinal assessment of change in VO2max and maximal heart rate in master athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33, 1744-1750.

  60. NO ERGOMETER SPECIFICITY IN FEMALE MASTERS ATHLETES

    Wiener, S. P., Garger, C. E., & Manfredi, T. G. (1995). A comparison of exercise performance on bicycle and rowing ergometers in female master recreational rowers. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 35, 176-180.

  61. WEIGHT-BEARING ACTIVITIES ACCELERATE BONE ACCRUAL IN ADOLESCENT FEMALES

    Bellew, J. W., Gehrig, L., & Gehrig, G. (2002). A comparison of bone mineral density in adolescent female weight lifters, swimmers, and tennis players. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(5), Supplement abstract 781.

  62. SHORT-TERM CREATINE USE DOES NOT AFFECT THERMOREGULATION

    Rosene, J. M., & Whitman, S. A. (2002). Effects of short-term, high-dosage creatine supplementation on thermoregulation in females in a thermoneutral environment. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(5), Supplement abstract 813.

  63. FEMALES' SPRINT REPETITIONS ARE NOT HELPED BY CREATINE

    Buckley, D., Georges, A., Picard, G., Andrews, S., Wygand, J., & Otto, R. M. (2002). The effect of creatine Supplementation during repeated Wingate trials in active females. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(5), Supplement abstract 814.

    TRAINING

  64. LACTATE THRESHOLD BEST PREDICTOR OF 4.8 km RUN IN FEMALES

    Epperson, C. E., Buono, M. J., Kolkhorst, F. W., Reynolds, K. K., Nanista, J. A., & Sheffield, R. D. (1999). Correlation of lactate threshold, VO2max, and running performance with 4.8 kilometer running performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 370.

  65. OVERTRAINING PRODUCES INDIVIDUAL HEART RATE AND VO2max RESPONSES

    Uusitalo, A. L., Uusitalo, A. J., & Rusko, H. K. (1999). Heart rate and blood pressure variability during heavy training and overtraining in the female athlete. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 20, 45-53.

  66. MAXIMAL STRENGTH TRAINING IMPROVES WORK ECONOMY IN SKIERS

    Hoff, J., Helgerud, J., & Wisloff, U. (1999). Maximal strength training improves work economy in trained female cross-country skiers.Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31, 870-877.

  67. PLYOMETRICS NOT USEFUL FOR FEMALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS

    Messner, B., Guyer, S., Holder, J., & Skelton, M. (1999). Effect of plyometric training on strength, vertical jump, flexibility, and range of motion in volleyball players. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 1386.

  68. TAPER DOES NOT CHANGE MEASURES OF TRAINING ADAPTATION

    Rinehardt, K., Axtell, R., Fontana, C., Breault, R., Genthe, J., & Garay, R. (2000). Effect of taper training in collegiate swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 975.

  69. MALES RESPOND TO STRENGTH TRAINING BUT FEMALES DO NOT

    Lemmer, J. T., Ivey, F. M., Ruan, A. S., Martel, G. F., Hurlbut, D. E., Metter, J. E., Fozard, J. L., Fleg, J. L., & Hurley, B. F. (2001). Effect of strength training on resting metabolic rate and physical activity: Age and gender comparisons. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33, 532-541.

  70. PRESEASON TRAINING REDUCES RISK OF INJURIES IN SOCCER

    Heidt, R. S., Sweeterman, L. M., Carlonas, R. L., Traub, J. A., & Tekulve, F. X. (2000). Avoidance of soccer injuries with preseason conditioning. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 28, 659-662.

  71. INSPIRATORY MUSCLE TRAINING IMPROVES ROWING PERFORMANCE IN WOMEN

    Volianitis, S., McConnell, A. K., Koutedakis, Y., McNaughton, L., Backx, K., & Jones, D. A. (2001). Inspiratory muscle training improves rowing performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33, 803-809.

  72. STRETCHING COULD INCREASE PREDISPOSITION TO INJURY

    Carter, A. M., Kinzey, S. J., Chitwood, L. F., & Cole, H. L. (2000). Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation causes decreased muscle activity associated with a rapid stretch in the biceps femoris. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 100.

  73. HEAVY RESISTANCE AND HIGH INTENSITY INTERVAL TRAINING DO NOT IMPROVE AEROBIC PERFORMANCE

    Swensen, T., Obidinski, M., & Wigglesworth, J. K. (2000). Effects of resistance training or high intensity ergometer interval training on rowing performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 536.

  74. ADDED STRENGTH TRAINING IMPROVES AEROBIC PERFORMANCE

    Pearson, M., Adams, K. J., Shimp-Bowerman, J. A., Sevene-Adams, P. B., Harris, C., Durham, M., & Barnard, K. L. (2000). Concurrent strength and endurance training effects on aerobic power. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 539.

  75. ADDED STRENGTH TRAINING IMPROVES ANAEROBIC PERFORMANCE

    Adams, K. J., Shimp-Bowerman, J. A., Pearson, M., Berning, J. M., Seven-Adams, P. G., & Harris, C. (2000). Concurrent strength and endurance training effects on anaerobic power. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 540.

  76. STRENGTH TRAINING DOES NOT IMPROVE ENDURANCE PERFORMANCE IN FEMALES

    Braun, W. A., Flynn, M. G., Gerth, M., & Smith, K. (2000). The effect of strength training on endurance run performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 654.

  77. EXPLOSIVE STRENGTH AND POWER TRAINING IS BEST FOR FEMALES

    Mazzeti, S. A., Kraemer, W. J., Volke, J. S., Nindl, B. C., Gotschalk, L. A., & Gomes, A. L. (2000). The effects of different training programs on upper body power in women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 665.

  78. STRENGTH TRAINING NOT USEFUL FOR ADOLESCENT CROSS-COUNTRY SKIERS

    Chen, S., Gaskill, S. E., Nesser, T. W., Walker, A. J., & Serfass, R. C. (2001). Gender comparisons of responses to upper body strength training in adolescent cross-country skiers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 57.

  79. IN-SEASON STRENGTH TRAINING IMPROVES STRENGTH IN FEMALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS

    Robertson, K. M., Newton, R. U., Doan, B. K., Rogers, R. A., Shim, J., Popper, E. M., Horn, B., Hakkinen, K., Kraemer, W. J. (2001). Effects of in-season strength and power training on squat jump performance in NCAA women volleyball players. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 764.

  80. WEIGHTED AND UNWEIGHTED PLYOMETRICS AFFECT FEMALES SIMILARLY

    Durham, M. P., Shimp-Bowerman, J. A., Adams, K. J., Berning, J. M., Kipp, R. L., & Fabian, N. M. (2001). Effects of plyometric and weighted plyometric training on lower body anaerobic power output. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 765.

  81. WEIGHTED BATS DO NOT IMPROVE SWING SPEED

    Szymanski, D. J., McIntyre, J. S., Madsen, N., & Pascoe, D. D. (2001). The effects of overweighted softball bats on bat swing and hand velocities. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 1346.

  82. EXPLOSIVE HIGH-LOAD RESISTANCE TRAINING BENEFITS RUNNING ECONOMY IN FEMALE SOCCER PLAYERS

    Hoff, J. (2001). Maximal strength training enhances running economy and aerobic endurance performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 1529.

  83. WEIGHTED-PLYOMETRIC TRAINING IS NO BETTER THAN UNWEIGHTED TRAINING

    Adams, K. J., Shimp-Bowerman, J. A., Berning, J. M., Durham, M., Sevene-Adams, P. G., & Curtin, M. (2001). Plyometric training at varied resistance: Effects on vertical jump in strength trained women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 1594.

  84. FEMALE SWIMMERS NEED A LARGE AMOUNT OF ENERGY INTAKE WHEN IN HEAVY TRAINING

    Trappe, T. A., Gastaldelli, A., Jozsi, A. C., Troup, J. P., & Wolfe, R. P. (1997). Energy expenditure of swimmers during high volume training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29, 950-954.

    PSYCHOLOGY

  85. IGNORE ERRORS AND FOCUS ON WHAT IS DONE WELL IN SKILLED PERFORMANCES

    Buzas, H. P., & Ayllon, T. (1981). Differential reinforcement in coaching tennis skills. Behavior Modification, 5, 372-385.

  86. FEMALE SWIMMERS USE FEW MENTAL SKILLS

    Huddleston, S., & Thiese, K. (1999). The use of psychological skills by female collegiate swimmers. Journal of Sport Behavior, 22, 602-610.

  87. COACH ADOLESCENT FEMALES POSITIVELY

    Allen, J. B., & Howe, B. L. (1998). Player ability, coach feedback, and female adolescent athletes' perceived competence and satisfaction. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 20, 280-299.

  88. COACHES' BEHAVIORS CONFLICT WITH THOSE THAT EVOKE THE BEST RESPONSES FROM ATHLETES

    Chase, M. A., Lirgg, C. D., & Feltz, D. L. (1997) Do coaches' efficacy expectations for their teams predict team performance? The Sport Psychologist, 11, 8-22.

  89. THE GENDERS DIFFER IN ATTENTIONAL ABILITIES IN SPORTS

    Pierce, D., & Edwards, W. W. (1999). The attentional style of intercollegiate athletes based on gender and type of sport. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 315.

  90. EXPERTS THINK BETTER THAN NOVICES IN COMPETITIONS

    McPherson, S. L. (2000). Expert-novice differences in planning strategies during collegiate singles tennis competition. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 22, 39-62.

  91. PARENTS OF GYMNASTS WANT FITNESS, SKILL, AND FUN TO BE EMPHASIZED

    Bungum, T. J., Wald, J. & Martin, S. (2000). Parental motivation for supporting their children's involvement in a private gymnastic program. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 330.

  92. STRENUOUS EXERCISE LOWERS DEPRESSION

    Kline, L. M., & Coleman, W. R. (2000). Strenuous exercise is associated with reductions in depression scores during final examinations. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 402.

  93. OPTIMISM BEFORE HARD GAMES IS DESIRABLE

    Wilson, G. S., Steinke, J. A., & Raglin, J. S. (2000). Predicted, precompetition, and competition anxiety in optimistic and pessimistic collegiate softball players. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 405.

  94. TENNIS PLAYERS OF BOTH GENDERS HAVE SIMILAR COMPETITIVENESS

    Sherman, N. W., Hart, S. J., & Bruce-Romero, T. (2000). Trait competitiveness among elite high school tennis players. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 408.

  95. WOMEN RATE SOME FORMS OF PAIN HIGHER THAN MEN

    Vaughn, A. C., & Koltyn, K. F. (2000). The association between three different painful stimuli in men and women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 411.

  96. RPE REFLECTS STRENGTH EXERCISE INTENSITY

    Lagally, K., Gallagher, K., Robertson, R. J., Jakicic, J., Goss, F. L., Lephart, S., McCaw, S. T., & Goodpaster, B. (2000). Perceived exertion responses to acute bouts of resistance exercise, EMG, and Lactate mediators. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 931.

  97. NUTRITION EDUCATION DOES NOT CHANGE DIETARY HABITS

    Peterson, C. M., Walker, A. J., Leon, A. S., Nesser, T. W., Chen, S. P., & Gaskill, S. E. (2000). The effects of sports nutrition education on dietary patterns in adolescent female cross-country skiers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 1403.

  98. FEMALE AGE-GROUP SWIMMERS KNOW LITTLE ABOUT NUTRITION AND DIET CONTROL

    Henriquez, M. M., George, V. A., & Castellanos, V. H. (2001). Eating attitudes and weight control behaviors of adolescent female swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 1603.

  99. YOUNG FEMALE SWIMMERS NEED NUTRITIONAL INFORMATION

    Henriquez, M. M. George, V. A., & Castellanos, V. H. (2001). Eating attitudes and weight control behaviors of adolescent female swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 1603.

  100. EXPERT VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS ARE SUPERIOR IN SELF-REGULATION FACTORS

    Kitsantas, A., & Zimmerman, B. J. (2002). Comparing self-regulatory processes among novice, non-expert, and expert volleyball players: A microanalytic study. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14, 91-105.

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