Volume 8(1): September, 2002

STRENGTH TRAINING 3

This first issue of Volume 8 of Coaching Science Abstracts reviews articles concerned with strength and resistance training. The first issue of strength training can be accessed as Volume 2(1) and the second as Volume 5(1). These latest researches indicate that many of today's strength training practices are incorrect and the benefits from such training is greatly exaggerated.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

    GENERAL THEORY

    Specific Effects

  1. STRENGTH TRAINING IS MODALITY AND CAPACITY SPECIFIC

    Schwirian, C. I., Hagerman, F. C., Staron, R. S., Hagerman, G., Toma, K., Luecke, T., & Mannini, T. (1998). Muscular strength, muscular endurance, and aerobic capacity adaptations to resistance training using the sport cord. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 940.

  2. STRENGTH ACTIVITIES ONLY IMPROVE SPECIFIC STRENGTH

    Luecke, T., Wendeln, H., Campos, G. R., Hagerman, F. C., Hikida, R. S., & Staron, R. S. (1998). The effects of three different resistance training programs on cardiorespiratory function. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1125.

  3. RESISTANCE TRAINING DOES NOT AFFECT FLEXIBILITY GAINS

    Paula, K. C., Carvalho, A. C., Azevedo, T. M., & Nobrega, A. C. (1998). Interaction between resistance and flexibility training in healthy young adults. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1135.

  4. RESISTANCE TRAINING DOES NOT AFFECT EXERCISING IN THE HEAT

    Thomas, C. M., Pierzga, J. M., & Kenney, W. L. (1998). Resistance training does not improve the skin blood flow response to exercise in the heat. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1610.

  5. RESISTANCE TRAINING IMPROVES MOOD

    Bartholomew, J. B. (1999). The effect of resistance exercise on manipulated preexercise mood states for male exercisers. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 21, 39-51.

  6. STRENGTH TRAINING EFFECTS ARE SPECIFIC

    Harris, G. R., Stone, M. H., O'Bryant, H. S., Proulx, C. M., & Johnson, R. L. (2000). Short-term performance effects of high power, high force, or combined weight-training methods. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 14, 14-20.

  7. STRENGTH GAINS ARE SIMILAR UNDER ECCENTRIC AND CONCENTRIC TRAINING METHODS

    Marler, T. A., Motl, R. W., Johnson, S. C., Walker, J. A., & Subudhi, A. W. (1999). Effects of concentric and eccentric hamstring strength training on 1-RM values in healthy adult males. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 1094.

  8. COOLING PRODUCES A LOSS IN STRENGTH

    Comeau, M. J., & Potteiger, J. A. (1999). The effects of whole body cooling on force production in the quadriceps and hamstrings. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 1516.

  9. DEHYDRATION REDUCES STRENGTH

    Leutholtz, B. C., Schoffstall, J. E., Branch, J. D., & Swain, D. P. (1999). Effects of dehydration and rehydration on the 1-RM bench press of weight trained males. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 1626.

  10. STRENGTH GAINS ARE "REMEMBERED" IN A PERIOD OF DETRAINING

    Ohmori, H., Shimegi, S., Fujimoto, K., Kano, Y., Inaki, M., Miyamaru, M., & Katsuta, S. (1999). The effect of strength training is potentially memorized and reinforced by retraining. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 1642.

  11. CAFFEINE INCREASES EARLY-STAGE FORCE PRODUCTION

    Kalmar, J. M., Plaskett, C. J., & Cafarelli, E. (2000). Caffeine alters force sensation during sustained isometric contractions. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 126.

  12. STRETCHING IMPROVES WEIGHT TRAINING GAINS

    Kokkonen, J., Nelson, A. G., Tarawhiti, T., Buckingham, P., & Glickman-Weiss, E. (2000). Stretching combined with weight training improves strength more than weight training alone. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 649.

  13. STRENGTH TRAINING ONLY EFFECTS THE TRAINED EXERCISES

    Fagan, C. D., & Doyle-Baker, P. K. (2000). The effects of maximum strength and power training combined with plyometrics on athletic performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 659.

  14. STRENGTH TRAINING EFFECTS ARE LOST AFTER SIX MONTHS OF DETRAINING

    Silva, E. B., Teixeira, M. S., Pinto, F. G., Santos, C. B., Filho, M. V., & Gomes, P. S. (2001). Effects of training frequencies on detraining after upper body muscular strength training in military males 18 years of age. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 752.

  15. MAXIMUM STRENGTH GAINS ARE DERIVED AFTER A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF EXERCISE -- ANY MORE TRAINING DOES NOT YIELD ANY FURTHER BENEFITS

    Teixeira, M. S., Silva, E. B., Santos, C. B., & Gomez, P. S. (2001). Effects of resistance training with different sets and weekly frequencies on upper body muscular strength in military males 18 years of age. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 753.

  16. STRENGTH TRAINING WITH MOVEMENT IMPROVES MORE FACTORS THAN DOES ISOMETRIC TRAINING

    Tricoli, V. A., Ricard, M. D., Parcell, A. C., & Sawyer, R. D. (2001). Internal vs. external velocity: Effects of strength training protocols on velocity-specific adaptations and human skeletal muscle variables. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 1488.

    Work Levels

  17. STRENGTH TRAINING DOES NOT NEED TO BE EXHAUSTIVE TO IMPROVE STRENGTH

    Strussi, C., Freitag, K., Hauenstein, B., Wydler, K., Eigenmann, P., & Boutellier, U. (1998). Effect of non-exhaustive vs. exhaustive strength training on maximum strength. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1219.

  18. BALLISTIC TRAINING, BUT NOT HEAVY WEIGHT TRAINING, IMPROVES VERTICAL JUMPING

    Newton, R. U., Kraemer, W. J., & Hakkinen, K. (1999). Effects of ballistic training on preseason preparation of elite volleyball players. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31, 323-330.

  19. MUSCLE CONTRACTILE IMPROVEMENTS RESULT FROM SHORT PERIODS OF ISOKINETIC TRAINING

    Akim, H., Takahashi, H., Kuno, S., Masuda, K., Masuda, T., Shimojo, H., Anno, I., Itai, Y., & Kaaatsuta, S. (1999). Early phase adaptations of muscle use and strength to isokinetic training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30, 588-594.

  20. LOW-VOLUME, HIGH-INTENSITY RESISTANCE TRAINING PRESERVES STRENGTH GAINS IN UNLOADING PHASES

    Schulze, K. E., Gallagher, P. M., & Trappe, S. W. (1999). A minimalistic model of resistance training: Effects on skeletal muscle function during unloading. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 1657.

  21. SUPER-SLOW REPETITIONS PRODUCE GREATER STRENGTH GAINS

    Westcott, W. L., Winett, R. A., Anderson, E. S., Wojcik, J. R., Loud, R. L., Cleggett, E., & Glover, S. (2001). Effects of regular and slow speed resistance training on muscle strength. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 41, 154-158.

    General Effects

  22. RESISTANCE TRAINING INCREASES IGF-I

    Borst, S., De Hoyos, D., Lowenthal, D., Vincent, K., Garzarella, L., Pollock, B., & Pollock, M. (1998). Six months high- or low-volume resistance training increases circulating insulin-like growth factor. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1556.

  23. RESISTANCE TRAINING PRODUCES SIMILAR IMPROVEMENTS FOR BOTH YOUNG AND OLD MALES

    Knight, C. A., Kamen, B., & Burke, J. M. (1998). Increased motor unit activation in young an older adults following resistance exercise training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1917.

  24. EXERCISE-INDUCED GROWTH HORMONE ASSOCIATED WITH MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY

    McCall, G. E., Byrnes, W. C., Fleck, S. J., Dickinson, A., & Kraemer, W. J. (1999). Acute and chronic hormonal responses to resistance training designed to promote muscle hypertrophy. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology, 24, 96-107.

  25. ECCENTRIC STRENGTH-TRAINING MUSCLE DAMAGE LASTS FOR 48 HOURS

    Dolezal, B A., Potteiger, J. A., Jacobsen, D. J., & Benedict, S. H. (2000). Muscle damage and resting metabolic rate after acute resistance exercise with an eccentric overload. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32, 1202-1207.

    Strength and Endurance

  26. MIXED AND SEPARATE STRENGTH AND ENDURANCE TRAINING HAVE SIMILAR EFFECTS WHEN THE TRAINING VOLUME IS LOW

    Sale, D. G., Jacobs, I., MacDougall, J. D., & Garner, S. (1990). Comparison of two regimens of concurrent strength and endurance training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 22, 348-356.

  27. RESISTANCE TRAINING CAN BE UNDERTAKEN CONCURRENTLY WITH RUNNING TRAINING

    Nicholson, R. M., & Sleivert, G. G. (1999). Impact of concurrent resistance and endurance training upon distance running performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 1559.

  28. ESTABLISH AN ENDURANCE BASE BEFORE COMMENCING STRENGTH TRAINING

    Hunter, G., Demment, R., & Miller, D. (1987). Development of strength and maximum oxygen uptake during simultaneous training for strength and endurance. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 27, 269-275.

  29. STRENGTH AND ENDURANCE TRAINING CAN BE PERFORMED SIMULTANEOUSLY

    Sale, D. G., MacDougall, J. D., Jacobs, I., & Garner, S. (1990). Interaction between concurrent strength and endurance training. Journal of Applied Physiology, 68, 260-270.

  30. SCHEDULE STRENGTH BEFORE ENDURANCE ACTIVITIES AT TRAINING

    Lepers, R., Pousson, M. L., Maffiuletti, N. A., Martin, A., Van Hoecke, J. (2000) The effects of a prolonged running exercise on strength characteristics. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 21, 275-280.

    General Factors

  31. DEVELOPMENTAL AGE DOES NOT MODIFY STRENGTH TRAINING EFFECTS IN MALES

    Pfeiffer, R. D., & Francis, R. S. (1986). Effects of strength training on muscle developing in prepubescent, pubescent, and postpubescent males. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 14, 134-143.

  32. HORMONAL AND POWER RESPONSES TO RESISTANCE EXERCISES ARE GENDER DIFFERENTIATED

    Bosco, C., Colli, R., Bonomi, R., Von Duvillard, S. P., & Viru, A. (2000). Monitoring strength training: Neuromuscular and hormonal profile. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32, 202-208.

  33. INITIAL STRENGTH TRAINING IS MAINLY A SKILL LEARNING RESPONSE

    Akima, J., Takahashi, H., Kuno, S-Y., Masuda, K., Masuda, T., Shimojo, H., Anno, I., Itai, Y., & Katsuta, S. (1999). Early phase adaptations of muscle use and strength to isokinetic training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31,588-594.

  34. MALES RESPOND TO STRENGTH TRAINING BUT FEMALES DO NOT

    Lemmer, J. T., Ivey, F. M., Ruan, A. S., Martel, G. F., Hurlbut, D. E., Metter, J. E., Fozard, J. L., Fleg, J. L., & Hurley, B. F. (2001). Effect of strength training on resting metabolic rate and physical activity: Age and gender comparisons. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33, 532-541.

  35. MECHANICAL WORK AT ANAEROBIC THRESHOLD DECREASES WITH RISES IN TEMPERATURE

    Tyka, A., Zuchowicz, A., Kubica, R., & Palka, T. (2000). Effect of ambient temperature on mechanical power at anaerobic threshold. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 678.

  36. WOMEN LOSE STRENGTH AND FATIGUE MORE THAN MEN

    Hubal, M. J., & Clarkson, P. M. (2001). Gender differences in response to eccentric training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 688.

  37. SUPERVISED STRENGTH TRAINING IS BETTER THAN UNSUPERVISED

    Mazzetti, S. A., Volek, J. S., Duncan, N. D., Ratamess, N. A., Wickham, R. B., McGuigan, M. R., Nindl, B. C., Mazzetti, H. M., Scheett, T. P., & Kraemer, W. J. (2001). Influence of supervision of strength training on testosterone:cortisol ratio. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 1526.

  38. EXERCISE SUPERVISION LEADS TO MORE AND BETTER WORK

    Mazzetti, S. A., Kraemer, W. J., Volek, J. S., Duncan, N. D., Tatamess, N. A., Gomez, A. L., Newton, R. U., Hakkinen, K., & Fleck, S. J. (2000). The influence of direct supervision of resistance training on strength performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32, 1175-1184.

  39. POWER PERFORMANCES ARE FACILITATED BY AN OPTIMAL AMOUNT OF PREPARATORY EXERCISE

    Evans, A. K., Durham, M. P., Hodgkins, T. D., Sinclair, D. R., & Adams, K. J. (2001). Acute effects of bench press on power output during a subsequent ballistic bench throw. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 1820.

    STRENGTH TRAINING FACTORS

    Repetitions

  40. ONE AND THREE-SETS YIELD SIMILAR STRENGTH GAINS

    Wolfe, B. L., Vaerio, T. A, Strohecker, K., & Szmedra, L. (2001). Effect of single versus multiple-set resistance training on muscular strength. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 435.

  41. ONE SET OF REPETITIONS IS BETER THAN THREE

    Fincher, G. E. (2000). The effect of high intensity resistance training on peak upper and lower body power among collegiate football players. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 657.

  42. ANAEROBIC PERFORMANCE GAINS ARE BETTER FROM ONE EXHAUSTIVE STRENGTH SET THAN FROM THREE

    Fincher, G. E. (2001). The effect of high intensity resistance training on sustained anaerobic power output among collegiate football players. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 756.

  43. IF TRAINING FOR STRENGTH OVER A LONG TIME USE THREE SETS INSTEAD OF ONE

    Marx, J. O., Kraemer, W. J., Nindl, B. C., Gotshalk, L. A., Duncan, N. D., Volek, J. S., Hakkinen, K., & Newton, R. U. (1998). The effect of periodization and volume of resistance training in women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 935.

  44. ONE-SET AS GOOD AS THREE-SETS FOR STRENGTH BUT THREE SETS BEST FOR MUSCULAR ENDURANCE

    De Hoyos, D., Abe, T., Garzarella, L., Hass, C., Nordman, M., & Pollock, M. (1998). Effects of 6 months of high- or low-volume resistance training on muscular strength and endurance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 938.

  45. ONE SET IS AS GOOD AS THREE SETS FOR STRENGTH GAINS

    Hass, C. J., Garzarella, L, de Hoyos, D., & Pollock, M. L. (2000). Single versus multiple sets in long-term recreational weightlifters. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32, 235-242.

  46. WARM-UPS DO NOT HELP STRENGTH TRAINING RESPONSES

    Evans, R. K., Parcell, A. C., Knight, K. L., Schulthies, S. S., & Draper, D. O. (2001). Effects of warm-up prior to eccentric exercise on indirect markers of muscle damage. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 691.

  47. TWO REPETITIONS AS EFFECTIVE AS EIGHT IN STRENGTH TRAINING

    Conway, P. T., Edwards, S. W., Ransone, J., & Edgley, B. M. (2001). Effect of two near maximum lifts compared to eight lifts in relation to strength development. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 1827.

    Rest and Recovery

  48. SHORT REST PERIODS STIMULATE GREATER STRENGTH GAINS THAN LONG RESTS

    Kulling, B. A., Hardison, B. H., Jacobson, B. H., & Edwards, S. W. (1998). The effect of two different rest periods between sets in a resistance training program. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 939.

  49. THREE DAYS PER WEEK DEVELOPS GREATER STRENGTH THAN ONE DAY PER WEEK

    McLester, Jr., J. R., Bishop, P., & Guilliams, M. (1999). Comparisons of 1 and 3 days per week of equal volume resistance training in experienced subjects. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 443.

  50. CHILDREN'S STRENGTH TRAINING REQUIRES RELATIVELY HIGHER REPETITIONS

    Faigenbaum, A., O'Connell, J., Glover, S., Larosa Lound, R., & Westcott, W. (2000). Comparison of different resistance training protocols on upper body strength and endurance development in children. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 1366.

  51. TOO MUCH STRETCHING REDUCES STRENGTH ENDURANCE CAPABILITY

    Kokkonen, J., Nelson, A. G., & Arnall, D. A. (2001). Acute stretching inhibits strength endurance performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 53.

  52. THE FIRST SET OF STRENGTH EXERCISES SHOULD BE OVER A SHORTENED MOVEMENT RANGE

    Nosaka, K., Newton, M., & Sacco, P. (2001). Protective effect by short muscle length eccentric exercise on long muscle length eccentric exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 689.

  53. POST-STRENGTH EXERCISE MASSAGE DOES NOT EFFECT DOMS

    Hillbert, J. E., Sforzo, G. A., & Swenssen, T. (2001). The effects of massage on delayed onset muscle soreness. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 699.

  54. FREE-WEIGHT EXERCISES ARE BETTER THAN MACHINE EXERCISES

    Schilling, B. K., Frya, A. C., Ferkin, M. H., & Leonard, S. T. (2001). Hormonal responses to free-weight and machine exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 1527.

  55. HARD RESISTANCE TRAINING REQUIRES CONSIDERABLE INTER-SESSION RECOVERY

    McLester, J. R., Bishop, P, Smith, J., Dale, B., & Kozusko, J. (2001). Effect of training volume on recovery from resistance exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 1819.

  56. HEAVY RESISTANCE TRAINING REST INTERVALS SHOULD RANGE BETWEEN 3-6 MINUTES

    Sjuts, S. L., Krosch, B. A., Todd, J. B., & Conley, D. S. (2001). Traditional and preferred rest intervals result in optimal performance at ninety percent on repetition maximum. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 1828.

  57. MODERATE RESISTANCE TRAINING REST INTERVALS SHOULD RANGE BETWEEN 3-6 MINUTES

    Krosch, B. A., Sjuts, S. L., Todd, J. B., & Conley, D. S. (2001). Rest intervals progressing from three to six minutes optimize moderate intensity bench press performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 1829.

    General

  58. SELF-SET STRENGTH TRAINING INTENSITIES ARE LIKELY TO BE TOO LIGHT IRRESPECTIVE OF GENDER

    Glass, S. C., & Stanton, D. R. (1998). Self-selected weight training intensity among untrained men and women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1218.

  59. VITAMIN C AND STRENGTH GAINS NOT ACCURATELY EVALUATED

    Beam, W. C., Fong, F. C., Koch, R. A., & Fortuna, J. L. (1998). The effect of chronic ascorbic acid supplementation on strength following isotonic strength training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1251.

  60. SPEED OF MOVEMENT, NOT MAXIMAL STRENGTH, IS IMPORTANT FOR JUMPING

    Young, W., Wilson, G., & Byrne, C. (1999). Relationship between strength qualities and performance in standing and run-up vertical jumps. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 39, 285-293.

  61. ELECTROMYOSTIMULATION IMPROVES STRENGTH IN STRENGTH ACTIVITIES

    Maffiuletti, N. A., Cometti, G., Amiridis, I. G., Martin, A., Pousson, M., & Chatard, J.-C. (2000). The effects of electromyostimulation training and basketball practice on muscle strength and jumping ability. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 21, 437-443.

  62. WARM-UP INTENSITY SHOULD MATCH THAT OF AN INTENDED PERFORMANCE

    Hamar, D., Gazovic, O., & Schickhofer, P. (2000). Force exerted during a warm-up set affects the muscle performance in subsequent resistance exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 660.

  63. STRENGTH ENDURANCE TRAINING IS NOT IMPROVED IN NORMOBARIC HYPOXIC CONDITIONS

    Friedman, B., Borisch, S., Kucera, K., Muller, H., Erb, G., Richter, G, & Baatsch, P. (2001). Strength endurance training in normobaric hypoxia is not superior to equivalent training in mormoxia. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement 559.

  64. L-CARNITINE ENHANCES RECOVERY AFTER RESISTANCE EXERCISE

    Sharp, C. P., Rubin, M. R., Volek, J. S., Gomez, A. L., Wickham, R. B., Ratamess, N. A., Doan, B. K., French, D. N., Mazzetti, S. A., McGuigan, M., Jemiolo, B. Craig, B. W., Pearson, D. R., Newton, R. U., Kitaura, T., Dooly, C. R., & Kraemer, W. J. (2001). The influence of L-carnitine on muscle damage, soreness, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) after resistance exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 698.

  65. ENDURANCE TIME IN ISOMETRIC EXERCISES IN GREATER IN FEMALES THAN MALES

    Hunter, S. K., Ryan, D. L., Ortega, J. D., Kutzscher, D. V., & Enoka, R. M. 2001). The pressor response varies with the type of fatiguing contraction performed by men and women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 1477.

  66. FEMALES FATIGUE LESS IN MAXIMAL ISOMETRIC CONTRACTIONS THAN DO MALES

    Kent-Braun, J. A., Ng., A. V., Doyle, J., Beaudoin, F., & Bartholomew, D. (2001). Gender, but not age, affects relative fatigue during sustained maximal voluntary isometric contractions. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 1478.

  67. STRENGTH IMPROVES WITH HIGH POSITIVE AROUSAL

    Perkins, D., Wilson, G. V., & Kerr, J. H. (2001). The effects of elevated arousal and mood on maximal strength performance in athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13, 239-259.

    Power

  68. RESISTANCE TRAINING LOADS DO NOT AFFECT POWER JUMPING

    Hoff, J., & Berdahl, G. O. (2000). Load dependent strength training effects on power production and performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 658.

  69. EXPLOSIVE STRENGTH AND POWER TRAINING IS BEST FOR FEMALES

    Mazzetti, S. A., Kraemer, W. J., Volke, J. S., Nindl, B. C., Gotschalk, L. A., & Gomes, A. L. (2000). The effects of different training programs on upper body power in women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 665.

  70. SIZE AND STRENGTH GOVERN GENDER DIFFERENCES IN ANAEROBIC POWER

    Mayhew, J. L., Hancock, K., Rollison, L., Ball, T. E., & Bowen, J. C. (2001). Contributions of strength and body composition to the gender difference in anaerobic power. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 41, 33-38.

    APPLICATIONS

  71. CHILDREN'S STRENGTH EXERCISE RESPONSES DEPEND UPON THE EXERCISE AND LEVEL OF RESISTANCE PRESCRIBED

    Faigenbaum, A., Westcott, W., Long, C., Delmonico, M., Barr, S., & Michelli, L. (1998). Relationship between repetitions and selected percentages of the 1 RM in 8 to 13 year old children. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 837.

  72. CHILDREN'S STRENGTH IMPROVED BETTER WITH HIGH-REPETITION TRAINING

    Faigenbaum, A., LaRosa-Loud, R., Bauer, G., Carson, J., Tziallas, M. & Westcott, W. (1999). Effects of different resistrance training protocols on muscular strength and endurance in children. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 1595.

  73. YOUNG GIRLS IMPROVE AFTER STRENGTH TRAINING

    Pohlman, R. L., & Isaacs, L. D. (1998). Effects of resistance training on concentric isokinetic knee extension in prepubescent females. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 842.

  74. WOMEN CAN IMPROVE IN STRENGTH AND POWER

    Tokeshi, S. A., Kraemer, W. J., Nindl, B. C., Gotshalk, L. A., Marx, J. O., Harman, F. S., Lamont, H. S., Sebastianelli, W. J., Putukian, Fleck, S., Newton, R. U., & Hakkinen, K. (1998). Power and strength in women: Adaptations following six months of resistance training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 937.

  75. SAME-DAY STRENGTH TRAINING DOES NOT COMPROMISE GAME PERFORMANCE CAPACITY IN FEMALE BASKETBALL PLAYERS

    Woolstenhulme, M. T., & Allsen, P. E. (2000). The same day effects of weight lifting on VO2max, vertical jump, and anaerobic power in female collegiate basketball players. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 976.

  76. IN-SEASON STRENGTH TRAINING IMPROVES STRENGTH IN FEMALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS

    Robertson, K. M., Newton, R. U., Doan, B. K., Rogers, R. A., Shim, J., Popper, E. M., Horn, B., Hakkinen, K., Kraemer, W. J. (2001). Effects of in-season strength and power training on squat jump performance in NCAA women volleyball players. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 764.

  77. MAXIMAL STRENGTH TRAINING IMPROVES WORK ECONOMY IN SKIERS

    Hoff, J., Helgerud, J., & Wisloff, U. (1999). Maximal strength training improves work economy in trained female cross-country skiers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31, 870-877.

  78. PRESEASON SHOULDER STRENGTH NOT MAINTAINED DURING A FOOTBALL SEASON

    Legg, D., & Burnham, R. (1999). In-season shoulder abduction strength changes in football players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 13, 381-383.

  79. ATHLETES CAN DETERMINE OPTIMAL RECOVERY PERIODS IN RESISTANCE TRAINING

    Todd, J. B., Conley, D. S., Buster, T. W., Drystad, S. L., & Strand, J. T. (2000). Effect of rest interval length on multiple set high intensity bench press performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 646.

  80. TRUNK STABILITY TRAINING QUICKLY INFLUENCES VERTICAL TAKE-OFF VELOCITY

    Butcher, S. J., Craven, B. R., Sprigings, E. J., Chilibeck, P. D., & Spink, K. S. (2001). Influence of trunk stability and leg strength training on vertical take-off velocity in athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 891.

  81. EXPLOSIVE HIGH-LOAD RESISTANCE TRAINING BENEFITS RUNNING ECONOMY IN FEMALE SOCCER PLAYERS

    Hoff, J. (2001). Maximal strength training enhances running economy and aerobic endurance performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 1529.

    TESTING

  82. 1 RM TESTING CAN BE CONDUCTED WITH CHILDREN

    Bauer, G., Carson, G., Tziallas, M., Westcott, W., & Faigenbaum, A. (1999). One repetition maximum strength testing in 5 to 11 year old children. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 223.

  83. ISOKINETIC STRENGTH UNRELATED TO AEROBIC OR ANAEROBIC FACTORS IN CYCLING

    Lynn, J. S., Lesniewski, L. A., & Sinning, W. E. (1999). The relationship between strength and aerobic and anaerobic power in trained cyclists. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 1247.

  84. RPE DOES NOT REFLECT FATIGUE, ONLY HOW HARD THE INDIVIDUAL WORKED

    Pincivero, D. M., Gear, W. S., Moyna, N. M., & Robertson, R. J. (1999). The effects of rest interval on quadriceps torque and perceived exertion in healthy males. Journal of Sports medicine and Physical Fitness, 39, 294-299.

  85. LOW RESISTANCE/HIGH REPETITIONS YIELD LOWER RPE

    Lagally, K., Gearhart, R., Gallagher, K., Goss, F. L., & Robertson, R. J. (1999). Ratings of perceived exertion and lactate during strength and endurance resistance exercise in young adults. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 1001.

  86. RPE REFLECTS STRENGTH EXERCISE INTENSITY

    Lagally, K., Gallagher, K., Robertson, R. J., Jakicic, J., Goss, F. L., Lephart, S., McCaw, S. T., & Goodpaster, B. (2000). Perceived exertion responses to acute bouts of resistance exercise, EMG, and Lactate mediators. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 931.

  87. PUSH-UPS AND BENCH-PRESS DO NOT PREDICT MUSCULAR STRENGTH OR ENDURANCE

    Laviano, T., Kierfer, S., Otto, R. M., Wygand, J., & Carpinelli, R. (2000). The relationship of benhc press and push-up performance to muscular strength and muscular endurance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 1780.

  88. LEG ANAEROBIC FUNCTION IS MODERATELY RELATED TO SPRINT SWIMMING

    Andrade, R. M., Figueira, A. J., Lauro, F. A., Velhote, F. B., Alves, L. L., & Pinheiro, D. S. (2001). Influence of anaerobic muscle power on swimming performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 1826.

    SPECIFICITY AND EXTENDED EFFECTS

  89. SQUAT TRAINING DOES NOT IMPROVE VERTICAL JUMPING

    Weiss, L., Fry, A., Wood, L., & Melton, C. (1998). Comparative effects of deep versus shallow periodized squat training by novice lifters. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 942.

  90. STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING PROGRAMS DO NOT IMPROVE DYNAMIC PERFORMANCES IN FOOTBALL PLAYERS

    Miller, T. A., White, E. D., Kinley, K. A., Clark, M. J., & Congleton, J. J. (1999). Changes in performance following long-term resistance training in division 1A collegiate football players. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 1467.

  91. MUSCULAR STRENGTH NOT RELATED TO SPRINT-SWIMMING PERFORMANCE

    Crowe, S. E., Babington, J. P., Tanner, D. A., & Stager, J. M. (1999). The relationship of strength and dryland power, swimming power, and swim performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 1230.

  92. DROP JUMP TRAINING DOES NOT IMPROVE VERTICAL JUMPING PERFORMANCE

    Young, W. B., Wilson, G. B., & Byrne, C. A. (1999). A comparison of drop jump training methods: Effects on leg extensor strength qualities and jumping performance. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 20, 295-303.

  93. STRENGTH IS NOT RELATED TO POWER IN RESISTANCE TRAINED ATHLETES

    Caterisano, A., Brown, C. W., Thurmond, L. P., Perkins, D. R., Linn, K. B., & Shortridge, E. A. (1999). The relationship between lower body strength and power in resistance trained athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 225.

  94. STRENGTH AND TOTAL WORK CAPACITY IS NOT RELATED TO SPRINTING

    Neves, A. P., Barros, J., & Ribeiro, V. (1999). Correlation between strength and power and short sprint performance on soccer players. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 230.

  95. AUXILIARY TRAINING NOT THAT USEFUL FOR SPRINTING

    Delecluse, C., Van , H., Willems, E., Van Leemputte, M., Diels, R., & Goris, M. (1995). Influence of high-resistance and high-velocity training on sprint performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 27, 1203-1209.

  96. LEG-STRENGTH IMPROVEMENTS DO NOT IMPROVE CYCLING ENDURANCE

    Bishop, D., Jenkins, D. G., MacKinnon, L. T., McEniery, M., & Carey, M. F. (1999). The effects of strength training on endurance performance and muscle characteristics. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31, 886-891.

  97. ABDOMINAL MUSCLE TRAINING WITH DEVICES IS INEFFECTIVE

    Demont, R. G., Lephart, S. M., Giraldo, J. L., Giannantonio, F. P., Yuktanandana, P., & Fu, F. H. (1999). Comparison of two abdominal training devices with an abdominal crunch using strength and EMG measurements. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 39, 253-258.

  98. EXCESSIVE STRENGTH GAINS DO NOT BENEFIT QUICK OR SUBMAXIMAL SPORTING ACTIVITIES

    Rich, C., & Cafarelli, E. (2000). Submaximal motor unit firing rates after 8 wk of isometric resistance training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32, 190-196.

  99. MOVEMENT SPEED IS ENHANCED BY WEIGHT AND EXPLOSIVE-ISOMETRIC TRAINING

    Olsen, P. D., & Hopkins, W. G. (1999). The effect of weight training and explosive isometrics on martial-art kicks and palm strikes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 790.

  100. HIGH-REPETITION STRENGTH AND SPRINT TRAINING INCREASES MUSCULAR ENDURANCE BUT NOT SPEED

    Newberry, J. E., & Flowers, L. (1999). Effectiveness of combining sprint and high-repetition squat resistance training in anaerobic conditioning. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 1384.

  101. STRENGTH TRAINING DOES NOT IMPROVE ENDURANCE PERFORMANCE IN FEMALES

    Braun, W. A., Flynn, M. G., Gerth, M., & Smith, K. (2000). The effect of strength training on endurance run performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 654.

  102. STRENGTH TRAINING NOT USEFUL FOR ADOLESCENT CROSS-COUNTRY SKIERS

    Chen, S., Gaskill, S. E., Nesser, T. W., Walker, A. J., & Serfass, R. C. (2001). Gender comparisons of responses to upper body strength training in adolescent cross-country skiers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 57.

  103. FOOTBALL TWO-A-DAY PRACTICES ARE DESTRUCTIVE

    Mitchell, C. R., Hutchinson, A. T., Clark, M., & Crouse, S. F. (2001). Muscle power in collegiate football athletes before and after the two-a-day practice period. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 892.

  104. RESISTANCE TRAINING HAS SPECIFIC EFFECTS AND NO EFFECT ON OTHER ACTIVITIES

    Knight, C. A., & Kamen, G. (2001). Motor unit discharge behavior during 10% MVC isometric contractions following resistance exercise training in young and older adults. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 1214.

  105. TRADITIONAL WEIGHT TRAINING OF NO BENEFIT TO FOOTBALL LINEMEN

    Harney, R. G., Purcell, M., Martinez-Arizala, G., Reed, E., & Serfass, R. (2001). Relationship between anthropometric measurements, traditional modes of testing and training, and blocking performance in collegiate football linemen. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 1387.

    CREATINE

    [Creatine is discussed at much greater length in issues within this journal concerning Fuel and Ergogenic Aids.]

  106. CREATINE IMPROVES MUSCLE FUNCTION IN WOMEN

    Kambis, K. W., & Pizzedaz, S. K. (1999). Effect of oral creatine supplementation on maximum quadriceps contraction in women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 1277.

  107. CREATINE PLUS WEIGHT TRAINING PRODUCES DESIRABLE BENEFITS

    Arciero, P. J., Hannibal III, N., Hamed, J., & Gentile, C. (1999). Effect of creatine on resting metabolic rate, body composition, strength, and blood cholesterol. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 1279.

  108. CREATINE INCREASES RECOVERY RATE AFTER ISOMETRIC FATIGUE

    Feinstein, T. M., Claybon, E. M., Lund, R. J., Peters, P., Lyle, M. A., Cox, R. H., & Wiley, R. L. (1999). Effects of creatine monohydrate supplementation on recovery time during repeated bouts of isometric handgrip. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 1284.

    PLYOMETRICS

  109. PLYOMETRICS NOT USEFUL FOR FEMALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS

    Messner, B., Guyer, S., Holder, J., & Skelton, M. (1999). Effect of plyometric training on strength, vertical jump, flexibility, and range of motion in volleyball players. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 1386.

  110. PLYOMETRICS IMPROVES RUNNING ECONOMY BUT NOT JUMPING

    Turner, A. M., Owings, J. M., & Schwane, J. A. (1999). Six weeks of plyometric training (Plyom) improves running economy (Econ). Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(5), Supplement abstract 1556.

  111. PLYOMETRICS IMPROVES JUMPING IN BOYS

    Diallo, O., Dore, E., Van Praagh, E. (2000). Effects of jump training and detraining on athletic performance in prepubescent boys. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(5), Supplement abstract 1365.

  112. WEIGHTED AND UNWEIGHTED PLYOMETRICS AFFECT FEMALES SIMILARLY

    Durham, M. P., Shimp-Bowerman, J. A., Adams, K. J., Berning, J. M., Kipp, R. L., & Fabian, N. M. (2001). Effects of plyometric and weighted plyometric training on lower body anaerobic power output. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 765.

  113. WEIGHTED-PLYOMETRIC TRAINING IS NO BETTER THAN UNWEIGHTED TRAINING

    Adams, K. J., Shimp-Bowerman, J. A., Berning, J. M., Durham, M., Sevene-Adams, P. G., & Curtin, M. (2001). Plyometric training at varied resistance: Effects on vertical jump in strength trained women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), Supplement abstract 1594.

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