Conroy, D. E., Poczwardowski, A., & Henschen, K. P. (2001). Evaluative criteria and consequences associated with failure and success for elite athletes and performing artists. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13, 300-322.

The criteria used to evaluate failure are not simply the opposite of the criteria used to evaluate success, that is, failure and success are not bipolar factors. Performance evaluation is highly influenced by an individual's needs rather than performance goals or orientations.

Implication. A coach should endeavor to learn what factors are important for perceiving success and failure for each athlete.

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