Lambert, S. M., Moore, D. W., & Dixon, R. S. (1999). Gymnasts in training: The differential effects of self- and coach-set goals as a function of locus of control. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 11, 72-82.

Female Level 8 and 9 gymnasts, two with an internal and two with an external locus of control were evaluated using a single-subject alternating treatment experimental design. Ss were exposed to both self- and coach-set goal conditions.

Ss with internal focus spent relatively more time on-task under the self-set condition while those with an external focus spent more time on-task under coach set goal conditions.

Implication. Before embarking on a goal-setting activity, it is necessary to first determine an athlete's locus of control (a test is available to do this). Depending upon an individual's locus of control, the type of goal setting activity should be determined. Internally controlled individuals should engage in self-setting of goals while those who are externally controlled should be exposed to coach-set goals.

Return to Table of Contents for this issue.