Wulf, G., Lauterbach, B., & Toole, T. (1999). The learning advantages of an external focus of attention in golf. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 70, 120-126.

Focusing on internal (arm-swing) and external (club-swing) factors when learning a golf skill, were compared under field-like conditions in young adults (M = 13; F = 9). Practice consisted of 80 trials. One day after practice, 30 trials, without instruction, were performed to measure retention.

The external focus condition was more effective for performance during skill acquisition and retention.

Implication. In the early stages of learning a form skill, such as a golf swing, an external focus is better than an internal focus for producing the best rates of acquisition.

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