Hall, E. G., & Erffmmeyer, E. S. (1983). The effect of visuo-motor behavior rehearsal with videotaped modeling on free throw accuracy of intercollegiate female basketball players. Journal of Sport Psychology, 5, 343-346.

The effects of adding a videotaped model to visuo-motor behavior rehearsal (VMBR) on the performance of experienced high school female basketball players attending college were assessed.

Two conditions were contrasted: VMBR plus videotaped modeling and progressive relaxation and visual imagery (but no taped modeling). Thus, the experiment was confounded by having two variables altered (model tape and relaxation method) between the two groups.

The VMBR/model group performed significantly better than the other group in foul shooting performance at five consecutive practice sessions.

Implication. Because of the confounded nature of this study, it is not possible to attribute performance improvements to one factor. All that can be said is that the "package" of VMBR/modeling had a better effect on foul shooting than progressive relaxation/visual imagery.

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