TEACHING THE "WAVE" BREASTSTROKE
Muckenfuss, M. (1990). Catching the wave. Swimming Technique,August-October, 11-12.SHAVING REDUCES THE PHYSIOLOGICAL COST OF SWIMMING
Sharp, R. L., & Costill, D. L. (1990). Shaving a little time. Swimming Technique, November 1989-January 1990, 10-13.BETTER TO SWIM ON THE SURFACE THAN UNDERWATER
Jiskoot, J. & Clarys, J. P. (1988). Body resistance on and under the water surface. In J. Terauds & W. Bedingfield (Eds.), International series on sport sciences, SWIMMING III, Vol. 8. Baltimore: University Park Press.PADDLES CHANGE SWIMMING TECHNIQUE
Toussaint, H. M., Janssen, T., & Kluft, M. (1989). The influence of paddles on propulsion. Swimming Technique, August-October, 28-32.PASSIVE DRAG SHOULD BE CONSIDERED IN TECHNIQUE WORK
Chatard, J. C., Lavoie, J. M., Bourgoin, B., & Lacour, J. R. (1990). The contribution of passive drag as a determinant of swimming performance. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 11, 367-372.SHAVING REDUCES ACTIVE DRAG
Sharp, R. L., & Costill, D. L. (1989). Influence of body hair removal on physiological responses during breaststroke swimming. Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sports, 21, 576-580.NEWTON'S LAWS ARE BETTER THAN BERNOULLI'S THEORY FOR UNDERSTANDING SWIMMING
Sprigings, E. J., & Koehler, J. A. (1990). The choice between Bernoulli's or Newton's Model in predicting dynamic lift. International Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 6, 235-245.GROWTH FACTORS SIGNIFICANTLY INFLUENCE AGE-GROUP PERFORMANCE
Toussaint, H. M., de Looze, M., van Rossem, B., Leijdekkers, M., & Dignum, H. (1990). The effect of growth on drag in young swimmers. The Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 6, 18-28.BODY COMPOSITION IS IMPORTANT FOR FEMALES BUT NOT MALES
Siders, W. A., Lukaski, H. C., & Bolonchuk, W. W. (1993). Relationships among swimming performance, body composition and somatotype in competitive collegiate swimmers. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 33, 166-171.SHOULDER FLEXIBILITY CAN REDUCE FORM DRAG
Chatard, J. C. Bourgoin, B., & Lacour, J. R. (1990). Passive drag is still a good evaluator of swimming aptitude. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 59, 399-404.FRONTAL SURFACE AREA IS DIFFICULT TO ESTIMATE
Cappaert, J. M., Gordon, B. J., & Frisbie, K. (1997). Frontal surface area measurements in national caliber swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5), Supplement abstract 712.THREE IMPORTANT FACTORS IN SWIMMING
Wakayoshi, K., D'Acquisto, L. J., Cappaert,, J. M., & Troup, J. P. (1995). Relationship between oxygen uptake, stroke rate and swimming velocity in competitive swimming. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 16, 19-23.MODELING SWIMMING ENERGY SYSTEM USE STILL HAS A LONG WAY TO GO
Toussaint, H. M., Wakayoshi, K., Hollander, A. P., & Ogita, F. (1998). Simulated front crawl swimming performance related to critical speed and critical power. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30, 144-151.SWIMMING PROPULSION IS MAINLY DRAG FORCE
Rushall, B. S., Sprigings, E. J., Holt, L. E., & Cappaert, J. M. (1994). A re-evaluation of forces in swimming. Journal of Swimming Research, 10, 6-30.WHAT CURVED PATH OF CRAWL STROKE HAND PATTERNS?
Hay, J. G., Liu, Q., & Andrews, J. G. (1993). The influence of body roll on hand path in freestyle swimming: A computer simulation study. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 9, 227-237.DRAG FORCES PREDOMINATE OVER LIFT FORCES IN EFFECTIVE PROPULSION
Sanders, R. H. (1997a). Extending the 'Schleihauf' model for estimating forces produced by a swimmer's hand. In B. O. Eriksson & L. Gullstrand, (Eds), Proceedings of the XII FINA World Congress on Sports Medicine (pp. 421-428). Goteborg, Sweden: Chalmers Reproservice.Sanders, R. H. (1997b). Hydrodynamic characteristics of a swimmer's hand with adducted thumb: Implications for technique. In B. O. Eriksson & L. Gullstrand, (Eds), Proceedings of the XII FINA World Congress on Sports Medicine (pp. 429-434). Goteborg, Sweden: Chalmers Reproservice.
DRAFTING BEHIND ANOTHER SWIMMER IMPROVES PERFORMANCE AND CONSERVES ENERGY
Chatard, J.C., Chollet, D., & Millet, G. (1998). Performance and drag during drafting swimming in highly trained triathletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(8), 1276-1280.MALE BUOYANCY CHARACTERISTICS ARE NOT RELATED TO KICKING DIFFERENCES WHEN COMPARED TO FEMALES
McLean, S.P., & Hinrichs, R.N. (1998). Sex differences in the center of buoyancy location of competitive swimmers. Journal of Sports Science, 16(4), 373-383.WETSUITS AND FLOATATION EFFECTS ON SWIMMING SPEED
Cordain, L., & Kopriva, R. (1991). Wetsuits, body density, and swimming performance. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 25, 31-33.WHY LIFT IS UNIMPORTANT IN SWIMMING PROPULSION
Knapek, M. (May 27, 2001). Why lift is unimportant in swimming propulsion. Personal communication.WHY FISH SWIM SO WELL AND ITS RELEVANCE TO SWIMMING
Knapek, M. (May 25, 2002). Why fish swim so well and its relevance to swimming. Personal communication.SLEEVELESS WETSUITS ARE BEST
Nicolaou, K. D., Kozusko, J. M., & Bishop, P. A. (2001). The effect of wetsuits on swim performance. Journal of Swimming Research, 15, 20-26.WETSUITS IMPROVE VELOCITY AT SUBMAXIMAL SWIMMING
Tomikawa, M., & Nomura, T. (2004). The effects of triathlon wetsuits on physiological responses and stroke parameters during submaximal swimming. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(5), Supplement abstract 1150.FLUME SWIMMING IS EASIER AND ALTERS STROKE TECHNIQUE
Rudiger, R. Wenzel, P., Rudolph, K., Zielger, M., von Duvillard, S. P., & Braumann, K. M. (2005). Physiological response to swimming in the flume and the pool. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(5), Supplement abstract 2174.BODYSUITS DO NOT PRODUCE ANY SIGNIFICANT ADVANTAGE FOR SWIMMERS WHEN RACING
Matsunami, M., & Taimura, A. (2007). Influences of swimsuit design on swimming performance in competitive female swimmers. ACSM Annual Meeting New Orleans, Presentation Number, 1431.